Effect of adding Cr, Ni and Mo on quench and temper microstructure and mechanical properties of a Si-Mn spring steel

Nkhoma, Richard; Annan, Kofi Ahomkah; Siyasiya, Charles Witness

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.395

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…On the other hand, tempering follows the hardening process, whereby the temperature will be raised to approximately 500°C for about three hours to improve the ductility of the steel by relieving the internal stresses induced by hardening [8,9]. The soaking time for both austenitising and tempering plays an important role in the outcome of the microstructure and mechanical properties of spring steels [10]. Consequently, some retained austenite, bainite or pearlite may be found in the microstructure spring steel [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using dynamic materials modelling approach to establish critical parameters for hot coiling of spring steels

Matejeke,

Kareem,

Klenam

et al. 2024

Preprint

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This study investigated deformation-induced defects in 55Cr3, 54SiCr6, and 52CrMoV4 spring steels through isothermal compression testing using Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The tests were conducted at deformation temperatures of 760, 820, 860, and 920°C, strain rates of 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 s-1, and a total strain of 0.5. Critical parameters leading to defects were established using power dissipation and instability maps. Microstructural examinations were performed on the deformed samples to validate predictions from power dissipation and instability maps. The results indicated that 55Cr3 spring steel exhibited instability at 850-870°C and 0.3-0.6 s-1, resulting in rounded cracks and pores in the microstructure. To avoid these defects, this temperature and strain rate range should be avoided during the coiling of 55Cr3 with a ferritic-pearlitic initial microstructure. Both 54SiCr6 and 52CrMoV4 were identified as potential alternatives to 55Cr3, with both alloys primarily undergoing dynamic recovery similar to 55Cr3. However, 54SiCr6 was recommended as the preferred alternative due to its higher power dissipation efficiency of 33% and an optimum deformation region similar to that of 55Cr3.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using dynamic materials modelling approach to establish critical parameters for hot coiling of spring steels

Matejeke,

Kareem,

Klenam

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…[ 7 ] Several studies have been performed to improve the properties of spring steels via effective micro‐alloying and heat treatments, such as quenching and tempering (Q&T). [ 8–11 ] For a given composition of spring steel, an increase in strength requires a lower tempering temperature via a conventional Q&T process, which results in a decrease in ductility and toughness. [ 9–11 ] Furthermore, heat treatment processes, such as austempering and isothermal, [ 12–14 ] intercritical and subcritical, [ 15,16 ] and step quenching, [ 17 ] have been studied extensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Retained Austenite and Softened Martensite on High‐Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Spring Steel under Two Loading Modes

Qin

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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A novel quenching-partitioning-tempering (Q-P-T) process is applied to 60Si2Mn spring steel, resulting in multiphase microstructures consisting mainly of retained austenite (RA) and softened martensite (SFM). The influence of multiphase microstructures on the high-cycle fatigue behavior of Q-P-T and traditional quenching and tempering (Q&T) spring steels are investigated under rotating-bending and tensiontension loading. The results indicate that the fatigue strength of Q-P-T spring steel with RA, SFM, and lower quenching stress increases by 23.9 and 14.4% under cyclic rotating-bending and tension-tension loadings, respectively, compared with that of Q&T spring steel. Under both loading modes, the fatigue crack of the Q-P-T spring steel is mainly initiated from the interface between the martensitic matrix and inclusions or carbides. In contrast, the fatigue crack of the Q&T spring steel is mainly initiated from the plastic area around the martensitic matrix rather than inclusions. The RA, SFM, and lower quenching stress of the Q-P-T spring steel are conducive to the formation of dimples and tear ridges in the crack propagation and ultimate failure areas, whereas the inadequate SFM and higher quenching stress of the Q&T spring steel are prone to the formation of quasi-cleavage facets and secondary cracks.

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“…The other austenite stabilizer, Ni, is also often added to steel and wear-resistant alloys. Even in microstructures, it can significantly improve the properties of Fe alloys after quenching, the same as Cr [35]. Increasing Ni content from 1.5 to 3% in 30CrMnSiNi2A HIP-manufactured alloy steel significantly increases its strength and toughness and improves fracture resistance [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Friction Response of a Novel Eutectic Alloy Based on the Fe-C-Mn-B System

et al. 2022

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This paper focuses on the microstructure and tribological properties of novel hardfacing alloy based on Fe-C-Mn-B doped with Ni, Cr, and Si. The 4 mm-thick coating was deposited on the AISI 1045 carbon steel by the MIG-welding method using flux-cored wires in three passes. The transition zone thickness between the weld layers was ~80 μm, and the width of the substrate-coating interface was 5–10 μm. The following coating constituents were detected: coarser elongated M2B borides, finer particles of Cr7C3 carbides, and an Fe-based matrix consisting of ferrite and austenite. The nanohardness of the matrix was ~5–6 GPa, carbides ~16–19 GPa, and borides 22–23 GPa. A high cooling rate during coating fabrication leads to the formation of a fine mesh of M7C3 carbides; borides grow in the direction of heat removal, from the substrate to the friction surface, while in the transition zone, carbides become coarser. The dry sliding friction tests using a tribometer in PoD configuration were carried out at contact pressure 4, 7, 10, and 15 MPa against the AISI 1045 carbon steel (water-quenched and low-tempered, 50–52 HRC). The leading wear phenomenon at 4 and 7 MPa is fatigue, and at 10 and 15 MPa it is oxidation and delamination.

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Effect of adding Cr, Ni and Mo on quench and temper microstructure and mechanical properties of a Si-Mn spring steel

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Using dynamic materials modelling approach to establish critical parameters for hot coiling of spring steels

Using dynamic materials modelling approach to establish critical parameters for hot coiling of spring steels

Effects of Retained Austenite and Softened Martensite on High‐Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Spring Steel under Two Loading Modes

Microstructure and Friction Response of a Novel Eutectic Alloy Based on the Fe-C-Mn-B System

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