Effect of Acoustoelasticity on Ultrasonic Pulses and Damage of Concrete Under Tensile Stresses

Scalar Damage Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beam Under Polarized Monotonic Stress Field Using Ultrasonic Pulses

“…This transit time determines the velocity of ultrasonic pulses, which is one of the three aspects of ultrasound other than frequency and amplitude. Moreover, UPV delivers information about different characteristics of the propagating medium since results from the infinitesimal isotropic linearly elastic materials can directly relate ultrasonic longitudinal (P wave) and shear wave (S wave) velocities to the density, Poisson's ratio, and elastic modulus of the propagating medium [4]. Furthermore, UPV reading is just one of the two aspects of the linear ultrasonic test.…”

“…Meanwhile, numerous studies, such as Yoo et al [20], Ju et al [21], and Camara [22], showed that the linear UPV test is consistent in quantitatively monitoring the strength of self-healing and high-strength concrete. Simultaneously, several studies, such as Lillamand et al [23], Nogueira et al [4], and Nogueira et al [24], also conducted studies on concrete under stress and showed that the effect of third-order elastic variables could be used to enhance the sensitivity of linear UPV test to detect microscopic damage.…”

“…The author emphasized that the scalar damage parameter is best to describe damage propagation of a ductile material in twodimensional defects like microcracks rather than threedimensional defects like cavities since it becomes geometrically dependent on the specimen. Meanwhile, in a study, Nogueira and Willam [14] and Nogueira and Rens [4] used Lemaitre and Chaboche's damage assessment model on plain concrete under compression and tensile stresses to monitor the propagation of mechanical damage based on elastic moduli such as the elastic modulus and shear modulus. The authors concluded that the degradation of elastic moduli follows the same rate with respect to tensile loading.…”

“…On the other hand, extensive use of concrete has increased the demand for reliable non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to investigate aging structures thoroughly [4].…”

“…Moreover, numerous NDE techniques have been developed for civil engineering applications, such as rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, nonlinear ultrasonic test, acoustic emission, digital image correlation, and aerial drone technology. Among these NDE techniques, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test stands out because of its versatility in the in-situ application and its relatively low cost [4].…”