Effect of abducting and adducting muscle acitivity on glenohumeral translation, scapular kinematics and subacromial space width in vivo

In vivo measurement of subacromial space width during shoulder elevation: Technique and preliminary results in patients following unilateral rotator cuff repair

“…These previous studies have measured the subacromial space under in-vivo conditions with various imaging modalities, including three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (Lochmuller et al, 1997), clinical radiographs (van de Sande and Rozing, 2006,van de Sande et al, 2006,Lehtinen et al, 2000,Petersson and Redlund-Johnell, 1984, ultrasound imaging (Girometti et al, 2006,Azzoni et al, 2004, and MRI (Pappas et al, 2006,Graichen et al, 1998,Graichen et al, 1999b,Graichen et al, 1999a,Graichen et al, 2001,Graichen et al, 2005,Hinterwimmer et al, 2003,Roberts et al, 2002,Solem-Bertoft et al, 1993. Additional studies have estimated the subacromial space width based on shoulder kinematics as measured using skin-mounted sensors (Tsai et al, 2003,Thigpen et al, 2006,Ludewig and Cook, 2002,Nawoczenski et al, 2003.…”

Biomechanical analysis of cross on training and competition

“…Therefore, to move the arms through the shoulder several structures are involved and they act simultaneously. Biceps brachii and teres major muscles are responsible for glenohumeral stability (WARNER; MCMAHON, 1995;WARNER et al, 1999) and the rotator cuff is responsible for shoulder (glenohumeral and scapulae) stability (LABRIOLA et al, 2005;TERRY;CHOPP, 2000 Shoulder abducted in scapular plane, such as during cross on rings, suffers modifications in its passive and dynamic structures (GRAICHEN et al, 2005;LABRIOLA et al, 2005;WARNER et al, 1992). For passive structures, there is an enlargement of the glenohumeral cavity (GRAICHEN et al, 2005;LABRIOLA et al, 2005;WARNER et al, 1999), and an anterior-posterior and inferior-posterior dislocation of humeral head (TERRY; CHOPP, 2000;WARNER et al, 1992).…”

“…Biceps brachii and teres major muscles are responsible for glenohumeral stability (WARNER; MCMAHON, 1995;WARNER et al, 1999) and the rotator cuff is responsible for shoulder (glenohumeral and scapulae) stability (LABRIOLA et al, 2005;TERRY;CHOPP, 2000 Shoulder abducted in scapular plane, such as during cross on rings, suffers modifications in its passive and dynamic structures (GRAICHEN et al, 2005;LABRIOLA et al, 2005;WARNER et al, 1992). For passive structures, there is an enlargement of the glenohumeral cavity (GRAICHEN et al, 2005;LABRIOLA et al, 2005;WARNER et al, 1999), and an anterior-posterior and inferior-posterior dislocation of humeral head (TERRY; CHOPP, 2000;WARNER et al, 1992). For the dynamic structures, biceps and teres major muscles are the most responsible for glenohumeral stability (WARNER; MCMAHON, 1995;WARNER et al, 1999), while shoulder stability is mostly provided by rotator cuff and biceps action, compressing humerus inside the glenoid cavity (LABRIOLA et al, 2005;TERRY;CHOPP, 2000).…”

“…The cross requires from postural control the stability of the shoulder at a position that involves the extension of passive structures of the joint, causing instability (GRAICHEN et al, 2005;LUDEWIG et al, 2009). The auxiliary rings is usually applied to practice the cross in order to decrease the mechanical load to the body and reduce the efforts of the postural control to support the body weight and stabilize the joints.…”

“…The cross requires from gymnast to hold the shoulder in an anatomical position that involves the extension of passive structures of the glenohumeral joint, causing shoulder instability (GRAICHEN et al, 2005;LEVANGIE;NORKIN, 2005). Thus, the use of auxiliary rings is common to the training of the cross, where its function is mechanical facilitation and increase of postural control.…”