Effect of a woman's smoking status on oocyte, zygote, and day 3 pre-embryo quality in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program

Cigarette Smoke Increases Progesterone Receptor and Homeobox A10 Expression in Human Endometrium and Endometrial Cells: A Potential Role in the Decreased Prevalence of Endometrial Pathology in Smokers1

“…Women who smoke have decreased fertility overall [5]. Smokers have been shown to have decreased oocyte competence during in vitro fertilization [6] and to require nearly double the number of embryo transfer cycles as their nonsmoking peers to become pregnant [7]. Additionally, women who smoke are more likely to have ectopic pregnancies, have higher rates of twins and multiples [8], and are more prone to preterm delivery [5].…”

Cigarette smoke condensate exposure delays follicular development and function in a stage-dependent manner

“…In women attempting spontaneous conception, cigarette smoking increased time to pregnancy (9) and accelerated depletion of ovarian follicles, causing early menopause (10)(11)(12). In infertile women undergoing IVF treatments, smoking resulted in decreased numbers of mature oocytes (13,14), fertilization rate (15), and implantations (16,17). Although it is recognized that cigarette smoking can affect almost every step in reproductive physiology, the mechanisms underlying its adverse effects are not clearly defined.…”

The actors of human implantation: gametes, embryo and endometrium

“…In a study realize by Gruber et al, in 2008, smokers presented a higher number of nonfertilized oocytes than nonsmokers (20.1% vs. 10.8% of fertilization failure) (Gruber et al, 2008). Another study realize in 2006 in a cohort of twenty-seven patients undergoing IVF classified as smokers and 32 as non-smokers showed that smokers had decreased number of retrieved oocytes compared with non-smokers (p < 0.05).…”