Effect of a polymer binder on the extraction and crystallization-based recovery of HMX from polymer-bonded explosives

Kim, Dongwoo; Kim, Hyejoo; Huh, Eugene; Park, Sewon; Lee, Chang Ha; Ahn, Ik Sung; Koo, Kee-Kahb; Lee, Keun Deuk

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.014

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Assuming that the solution was mixed perfectly with the antisolvent (ethanol in Figure 1) and crystallization began at the moment of mixing, the degree of supersaturation at the time of crystallization was estimated to be 48.1. The previous study has found β-form HMX crystals to be obtained when the degree of supersaturation at the time of crystallization was less than or equal to 6.26 [21]. Hence, submicron-sized γ-form HMX particles were formed at the beginning of crystallization (see the SEM image and XRD pattern in Figures 2A and 3, respectively).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The 1 H-NMR spectrum and TGA results of the submicron-sized β-HMX crystals, which were produced 20 h later and washed with THF, are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. No peaks characteristic of Estane [21] appear in Figure 7, which implies that Estane was removed by washing with THF. As Estane is not subject to thermal degradation at temperatures below 600 K, its presence would be indicated in the TGA result.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, HMX was recovered from a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) composed of HMX and Estane, a polyurethane-based binder, using extraction and solventantisolvent crystallization [21]. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol were used as the solvent and antisolvent, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estane‐Assisted Preparation of Submicron β‐Form HMX Particles through Antisolvent Crystallization

Kim

Huh

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) particles were prepared through solvent-antisolvent crystallization at room temperature by using dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol as a solvent and an antisolvent, respectively. Estane, which has been used as a polymer binder in polymer-bound explosives, was added to retard nucleation and inhibit crystal growth. The particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectro-scopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Owing to the nucleation at a high degree of supersaturation, thermodynamically unstable submicron non-β-form HMX particles were formed initially. Their morphology was changed to β-form; the submicron size was maintained while the particles were entrapped in Estane. Estane was removed by washing with tetrahydrofuran, and the purity of the submicron β-form HMX particles was greater than 99 %.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estane‐Assisted Preparation of Submicron β‐Form HMX Particles through Antisolvent Crystallization

Kim

Huh

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…(5) (6) (7) In Eq. ( 7), ΔT in the lower part of equation refers to the temperature difference between fluid and wall.…”

Section: Numerical Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treatment methods by which the explosive is safely dismantled or destroyed include dumping into the deep sea, burying in the ground, and incineration to destroy [5,6]. Despite the above disposal initiatives, recycling and reusing its valuable materials may be a better and more economical option, which has contributed a lot to eco-friendly treatment and cost reduction [7,8]. Polymer bonded explosive (PBX) is one of the most widely used military explosives all around the world [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Single Screw Extrusion Process for Thermoplastic PBX Based on PVT Properties

Bu¹,

chen²,

Fan³

et al. 2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Much of surplus ammunition stockpile inevitably requires demilitarized processing technology in the explosives industry. For the safe waste treatment and recycle, the thermoplastic polymer bonded explosive (PBX) can effectively reduce the military cost and non-conforming products. In addition, the thermoplastic PBX has excellent application prospect as the future explosive due to the good mechanical properties and insensitivity. However, for high solid content, most of thermoplastic PBXs still maintain a considerable viscosity even in high-temperature melting state, rendering traditional casting process unsuitable. In this study, a measuring method was adopted to accurately obtain the correlation of Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) for the simulative materials of thermoplastic PBX at first. The equations of state for PVT and viscosity model were then created, which are of great significance in single screw extrusion. An experiment system of single screw extrusion was designed to implement the molding process considering the poor liquidity problem of the ther-moplastic materials. Excellent molding stability (1 < 0.5 % variation) was achieved for the extrusion system. Moreover, a numerical investigation was also performed. Good agreements were yielded by comparing the simulation data and experimental results. The effects of operational parameters, i. e., the entrance pressure, barrel temperature and rotation speed on molding process of the thermoplastic materials were investigated in detail. The wall shear stress decreases with the feed inlet well sealed whereas the maximum temperature rise increases a little due to limited thermal diffusion. Either increasing temperature or decreasing rotation speed is beneficial to overall process safety. However, production cycle and attainable molding density also need to be considered at the same time. Furthermore, the process parameters should be optimized on the basis of the PVT and viscosity properties of material in practice. The investigations above can be a better guidance for the development and implementation of thermoplastic PBXs molding process.

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Study on the mechanism of tetracycline removal in electrocoagulation coupled with electro-fenton reaction system with Fe anode and carbon nanotube cathode

Dai

Shi

Chen

et al. 2022

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Effect of a polymer binder on the extraction and crystallization-based recovery of HMX from polymer-bonded explosives

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Estane‐Assisted Preparation of Submicron β‐Form HMX Particles through Antisolvent Crystallization

Estane‐Assisted Preparation of Submicron β‐Form HMX Particles through Antisolvent Crystallization

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Single Screw Extrusion Process for Thermoplastic PBX Based on PVT Properties

Study on the mechanism of tetracycline removal in electrocoagulation coupled with electro-fenton reaction system with Fe anode and carbon nanotube cathode

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