Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Based Probiotic on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Signal Transduction in Goat Neutrophils

Abstract

Neutrophils recognize and destroy pathogens through activation of the Toll like receptor (TLR) system as part of the inflammatory response of innate immunity. The expression and modulation of genes in the TLR signaling pathway in caprine blood neutrophils was investigated. Following initial screening for infection, goats (N=15) were assigned to three groups of five (n=5) individuals. Goats were drenched daily with 10 mL of powdered CorPet (Mycology labs Inc) soaked in hot (treatment I) or cold (treatment II) sterile filtered endotoxin free water, for a 4-week period. A control group of five age-matched goats received sterile water (treatment III). Blood was collected weekly and analyzed for packed cell volume and white blood cell differential counts. At weeks 1 and 4 neutrophils were isolated, using differential centrifugation and hypotonic lysis of red blood cells. The concentration and purity of total RNA isolated using Trizol was determined on a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. The RETROscript kit was used to synthesize cDNA. The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT 2 PCR Array was evaluated using real time PCR and the Livak method. The house keeping gene GAPDH was used to normalize the data. At week 1 untreated goats expressed 48 genes in the pathway. Goat neutrophils expressed 10 TLRs. Mushroom extracts modulated expression of and signaling by TLR. These results will help in the definition of the role of TLR expression in neutrophils and its contribution to goat innate immunity. Further this may aid in the design of therapeutics for goat health.

Evaluation of the Effect of Probiotic Administration on Gene Expression in Goat Blood

“…In our study, probiotics had an effect in the expression of TLR3 and TLR8 in goats, and increase in expression of TLR4, TLR6, TLR7 and TLR9. Several studies have reported the effect of probiotics on TLR (AdjeiFremah et al, 2016b;Adjei-Fremah et al, 2017, Ekwemalor et al, 2016c, Tirumurugaan et al, 2010, Liu et al, 2016.…”

Effect of Coriolus versicolor glucan on the stimulation of cytokine production in sarcoma-180-bearing mice

“…CV is considered as an important medicinal agent due to its provision of essential nutrients and therapeutic applications, particularly regarding its apparent pharmacological properties of antitumor, immunomodulatory, cell reinforcement, antinociceptive, disease mitigative, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activities, among others (5). A control cyclophosphamide group was used in the present study, as cyclophosphamide is frequently used as a chemotherapeutic for the treatment of cancer, due to its targeting of rapidly dividing cells (despite some interference with normal cell development) (20).…”

“…In addition, the reported antiviral, hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective properties of mushrooms (4) is concurrent with the identification of seven partially-purified polysaccharides with cancer preventative and immunomodulatory activities in consumable and therapeutic mushroom species (Agaricus biosporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor), all of which contained glucose as the prevalent monosaccharide, among varying amounts of other α-glucans (3). Coriolus versicolor (CV) is among the established species of edible mushrooms (5). The significance of CV has been acknowledged regarding it high content of biological compounds including polysaccharides (starch, chitin), phenols (gallic, protocatechuic acid, catechin), steroids (ergosterol), vitamins (B1, B2, C and D) and minerals (calcium, selenium) (3).…”

Probiotics and Ruminant Health

“…These sites include the oral cavity, intestines, vagina and the skin [34]. In ruminants, probiotics are usually administered orally [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. A study by Deng et al [44,45] utilized intravaginal infusion as mode of administering probiotics (containing a lactic acid bacteria mixture) to periparturient cows.…”