Effect of a dual-task exercise to motor and memory function for Japanese older individuals in depopulated rural districts: preliminary intervention research from 2016 to 2019

Effect of a multicomponent programme based on reality orientation therapy on the physical performance and cognitive function of elderly community‐dwellers: a quasi‐experimental study

“…According to the result of the comparison test between the groups, improved memory function or information processing speed as reflected in the WM or the SDST was documented similarly in both groups, as well as improvement in physical performance as assessed by the SS‐5. These findings in the present study led us to conclude that the multicomponent ROT programme might be as effective as conventional multicomponent programmes involved in physical or cognitive load of dual tasks using an aerobic exercise and cognitive tasks to stimulate attention and memory 6,8–11 …”

“…Yan et al focused on the effectiveness of exercise-centred multicomponent programmes that combined aerobic, endurance, balance, and flexibility exercises on cognition (especially, executive function), physical performance (muscle strength and walking speed), and activities of daily living in older people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 1 and their findings were consistent with the findings reported by Borges-Machado et al 2 and Venegas-Sanabria et al 3 Some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of multicomponent exercise programmes conducted under multitask conditions designed to stimulate attention and memory have yielded positive outcomes not only on gait performance but on general cognition, as scored in the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the logical memory of immediate recall in older healthy participants, MCI participants, and amnestic MCI participants. [4][5][6][7] The preliminary results of our previous studies have similarly confirmed the effectiveness of a multicomponent exercise programme combined with aerobic exercise and cognitive tasks on physical performance in terms of usual walking speed, the results of the sit-to-stand test, cognitive ability of memory function or information processing speed, [8][9][10][11] and a considerable number of studies have also been conducted over the past few decades on the positive effects of multicomponent exercise programmes in improving health-related issues in elderly individuals. On the other hand, we have observed some individuals who could not keep participating in the exercisebased programme.…”

“…These findings in the present study led us to conclude that the multicomponent ROT programme might be as effective as conventional multicomponent programmes involved in physical or cognitive load of dual tasks using an aerobic exercise and cognitive tasks to stimulate attention and memory. 6,[8][9][10][11] Regarding the improvement of physical or cognitive performance in the groups, we believe that multicomponent training with an aerobic exercise would have a more positive impact on not only physical performance but also several cognitive abilities, including memory functions or information processing skills. [20][21][22][23][24][25] Additionally, an RCT from a viewpoint of a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise proposed that effectiveness of cognitive performance as indexed on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (beta = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.42, 2.37; P < 0.001) with health-related quality of life in the elderly with MCI, 24 and a meta-analysis of studies on associations between aerobic exercise and neuropsychological performance indicated that exercise programmes combined with strength training and aerobic exercise are more effective in improving performance in cognitive domains involving processing speed (g = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.06-0.26, P = 0.003), executive function (g = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.23; P = 0.02), and memory (g = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.02-0.24, P = 0.03) than aerobic exercise programmes alone.…”