Effect of a BaO-CuO-Bi2O3-B2O3 glass flux, and its processing on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3

Gong, Yuxuan; Deng, Wei; Zhang, Wei; Yatongchai, Chokchai; Zou, Yongkun; Buchanan, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.08.121

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…This spectrum closely resembles that reported by Harizanova et al for strontium barium titanate glassceramics [34]. The peak at a binding energy of 780.58 eV, corresponding to 3d 5/2 is attributed to Ba 2+ ions within the BaTiO 3 lattice [35]. The other peak at a binding energy of 795.88 eV, corresponding to 3d 3/2 is assigned to Ba 2+ ions located at the surface region of BaTiO 3 [36].…”

Section: Ftir and Xps Studiessupporting

confidence: 88%

Double hysteresis (P-E) loops in the transparent composite containing BaTiO3 at room temperature

Abdel-Khalek,

Mohamed,

Ismail

2024

Appl. Phys. A

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A transparent composite sample containing BaTiO3 was synthesized by using the melting quenching method. The presence of a glassy phase in this composite sample was detected through XRD analysis, and this was further confirmed by DSC study. TEM and SAED analyses provided evidence that the BaTiO3 nanoparticles/clusters are embedded within the borate glass matrix, establishing the composite nature of this sample. FTIR spectrum of the present sample revealed that the glass matrix is composed of two structural groups (BO3 with NBO’s, and BO4), along with the distinct groups for BaTiO3. XPS spectra of the present composite sample indicated the presence of more than one type of boron, barium, titanium and oxygen. DSC and dielectric studies of the present composite sample revealed the presence of the phase transition temperature (Tc). Dielectric constant (ɛr) and dielectric loss (tan δ) curves of the present composite sample displayed an anomaly peak in the vicinity of TC. The optical transmission spectrum of the present composite sample exhibit two transmission bands of Ti3+ (3d1) ions in tetragonal distorted sites. At room temperature, the present transparent composite sample exhibited double hysteresis loops for BaTiO3 at low electric fields. The results obtained can be used for the development of lead-free ferroelectric material.

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Section: Ftir and Xps Studiessupporting

confidence: 88%

Double hysteresis (P-E) loops in the transparent composite containing BaTiO3 at room temperature

Abdel-Khalek,

Mohamed,

Ismail

2024

Appl. Phys. A

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“…The signals for all three samples are fit with two individual peaks (at 529.2–529.3 and 531.6–531.8 eV), both of which are stronger in the CdCl 2 ‐treated sample. The lower energy peak is in the typical binding energy range for nonbridging metaloxide bonds, while the higher energy peak is in the range for bridging metal–oxygen–metal bonds . Further identification of the two (or more) environments is not possible since the chemical shifts are not sufficiently different to allow it.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that depth profi les were repeated on separate regions of all samples and this accumulation was again (and only) seen in the CdCl 2 -treated sample. [ 58,59 ] Further identifi cation of the two (or more) environments is not possible since the chemical shifts are not suffi ciently different to allow it. In this case, the O accumulation at the CdTe-CdS interface for the CdCl 2treated sample suggests that the out-diffusion mechanism into the CdTe is restricted.…”

Section: Chemical Analysis Of Cdte Surface and Device Stackmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nontoxic Chloride Treatments on CdTe Solar Cell Microstructure and Stoichiometry

Williams

Major

Bowen

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

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either by vapor deposition [ 5,8,10,11 ] or by drop-casting of a CdCl 2 /methanol solution (also used for CdTe nanoparticle solar cells), [ 7,[12][13][14] followed by an air-anneal at temperatures of ≈370-450 °C. While CdTe (as well as CdS) is a highly stable compound and is insoluble in water, the use of water-soluble CdCl 2 in the industrial production of CdTe modules may pose an environmental risk. Recently however, a breakthrough study demonstrated the direct replacement of the toxic (and costly) CdCl 2 with the nontoxic and cheap alternative, MgCl 2 , with no detriment to device performance. [ 15 ] Subsequently, both ZnCl 2[ 16 ] and NH 4 Cl [ 17 ] have also been shown to be potentially suitable alternatives. Interestingly, the use of other salts including NaCl, MnCl 2 , KCl, and HCl was signifi cantly less successful in terms of producing high effi ciencies. [ 15 ] Importantly, these recent studies have reopened a critical parameter space within the fabrication process. In order to accelerate process development, fundamental material studies are now required to investigate the relative effectiveness of different chloride compounds in inducing the desired materials changes in a CdTe thin-fi lm device stack. Moreover, by correlating such studies with the respective device performances, further improvements are anticipated. Reports of desirable materials changes associated with CdCl 2 activation include: Recrystallization and grain growth of CdTe [18][19][20] and CdS [ 5,21 ] fi lms (for minimization of stress and to reduce the density of deleterious defects), p-type doping of CdTe, [ 2,6,8,15 ] S/Te interdiffusion, [ 22,23 ] and grain boundary passivation. [ 5,24 ] However, such reports are often contradictory in terms of identifying which of these is most beneficial in improving effi ciency. [ 25 ] In this work, CdTe solar cell stacks (i.e., CdTe/CdS/ZnO/ SnO 2 /glass) treated with CdCl 2 , MgCl 2 , NaCl, and NH 4 Cl were subjected to extensive X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies, with the critical aim being to distinguish the reasons as to why CdCl 2 and MgCl 2 treatments can yield higher effi ciencies than NH 4 Cl and, in particular, NaCl. The device performances, reported elsewhere, [ 15,17 ] for each of these Cl treatments, as well as those following MnCl 2 -and KCl treatments, This work presents the fi rst systematic comparison of the effects of a range of chlorides (CdCl 2 , MgCl 2 , NaCl, and NH 4 Cl) on the microstructure and chemical composition of CdTe/CdS/ZnO/SnO 2 solar cells, providing valuable insight to the ubiquitous Cl-activation process. Using X-ray diffraction, it is shown that CdCl 2 induces the greatest extent of recrystallization (standard deviation of texture coeffi cients, σ , reduces from 0.93 for as-grown CdTe to 0.43) and minimizing stress (from 178 MPa for as-grown material to zero). MgCl 2 treatment also yields signifi cant randomization of the CdTe texture ( σ = 0.55) but NaCl treatment does not ( σ = 1....

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“…The Ba 3d5/2 state can be deconvoluted into two peaks, one at ≈778.66 eV marked as BaI which is assigned to Ba 2+ ion in the perovskite structure of BaTiO 3 , and the other one at ≈779.99 eV marked as BaII which is related to the Ba‐site in the glass matrix. [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ] According to the deconvoluted results of the Ba 3d5/2 state, as depicted in Figure 2a , the relative amount of BaI (BaI / (BaI+BaII)) decreases firstly and then increases when the electric field strength increases from 0 to 7 kV cm −1 . The variation of the BaI relative amount for each BTAS glass ceramic sample is given in Figure 2d .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The O 1s peaks can be deconvoluted into four peaks, marked by OI, OII, OIII, and OIV, respectively. The OI peaks ≈529.49 eV can be assigned to the lattice oxygen in the BaTiO 3 crystal grains, [ 30 , 33 ] the OII peaks at ≈530.70 eV can be attributed to NBO in glass matrix, [ 29 ] the OIII peaks around 531.68 eV can be assigned to the bridging oxygen (BO) in glass matrix [ 29 ] and the OIV peaks located at larger than 532.00 eV are related to the chemical absorbed ‐OH due to ethanol cleaning after grinding and polishing, which are excluded from the estimation of the relative amounts of OI and OII. [ 30 , 33 ] It should be noted that due to a quite low Raman scattering intensity of Al‐O − stretching vibration (Figure 1b ), the OII peaks should mainly consist of NBO associated with Ba = O or Ba‐O‐Q [i] (Q [i] represents differently coordinated units in the glass matrix).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting Energy Storage Performance of Glass Ceramics via Modulating Defect Formation During Crystallization

Shang,

Wei,

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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Along with the demand for further miniaturization of high and pulsed power devices, it becomes more and more important to realize ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) with high energy storage efficiency (η) and ultrahigh discharge energy storage density (Wd) accompanied by high power density (Pd) in dielectrics. To date, it remains, however, a big challenge to achieve high Wrec or Wd in glass ceramics compared to other dielectric energy storage materials. Herein, a strategy of defect formation modulation is applied to form “amorphous‐disordered‐ordered” microstructure in BaTiO3‐based glass ceramics so as to achieve a high Wrec of 12.04 J cm−3 with a high η of 81.1% and an ultrahigh Wd of 11.98 J cm−3 with a superb Pd of 973 MW cm−3. This work demonstrates a feasible route to obtain glass ceramics with an outstanding energy storage performance and proves the enormous potential of glass ceramics in high and pulsed power applications.

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Effect of a BaO-CuO-Bi2O3-B2O3 glass flux, and its processing on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Double hysteresis (P-E) loops in the transparent composite containing BaTiO3 at room temperature

Double hysteresis (P-E) loops in the transparent composite containing BaTiO3 at room temperature

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nontoxic Chloride Treatments on CdTe Solar Cell Microstructure and Stoichiometry

Boosting Energy Storage Performance of Glass Ceramics via Modulating Defect Formation During Crystallization

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