“…Three-dimensional (3D) printing and computer-based simulation are becoming standard parts of pre-operative planning and patient-specific implant modeling in many centers across the world (Tack, Victor, Gemmel, & Annemans, 2016;Thayaparan, Owbridge, Thompson, & D'Urso, 2019). The utility of these techniques for representing key portions of surgical anatomy is well-established, with improved surgeon confidence and operative times in some recent investigations (Diment, Thompson, & Bergmann, 2017;Jiang, Chen, Coles-Black, Chuen, & Hardidge, 2019;Shirk et al, 2019). Despite these advantages of using technology to recreate highly accurate anatomical details, there have been few investigations of combining 3D printing and virtual simulation to validate or investigate new or established surgical techniques (Bohl et al, 2019;Szczodry, Solitro, Amirouche, & Patel, 2018).…”