Effect-Directed Analysis of Municipal Landfill Soil Reveals Novel Developmental Toxicants in the Zebrafish Danio rerio

Abstract

b S Supporting Information ' EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Chemicals. All solvents were of pro analyze (p.a.) quality or better, and purchased from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands) or Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) unless stated otherwise. Dichloromethane was purchased from LGC (Middlesex, U.K.). Chemicals purchased following tentative identification (Tables 1 and 2) included 9-methylacridine (>99%, ACROS, Geel, Belgium), 3,6 dimethylphenanthrene (p.a.,

The value of zebrafish as an integrative model in effect-directed analysis - a review

“…Natural product studies aimed to identify bioactive compounds for pharmacological applications, investigating mostly plant extracts [19,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] but also extracts of bacteria [46], cyanobacteria and algae [47], seaweed [48] and marine organisms [49]. Environmental toxicology studies aimed to identify the toxic compounds in various environmental samples, including marine and fluvial sediments [50][51][52], soil [53], cyanobacteria and algae [54,55], industrial effluent [33], rubber tyre leachates [32], oil sand process waters [56,57] and river pore water [58]. Finally, fish skin extracts were investigated in a behavioural sciences study [59].…”

“…Zebrafish up to 5 days post fertilization (dpf ) were the life stages mostly applied, except for experiments that extended the assays up to 6 to 7 dpf [34,49,53,56,57] or a few studies with adults [33,47,59]. Environmental toxicology studies for the most part performed exposure not only in 24-well plates (200 μL to 2 mL per embryo or larva) but also in crystallization dishes, scintillation vials or beakers (450 μL to 5 mL per embryo or larva, 40 to 300 mL per adult), while natural product studies were performed exclusively in multiwell-plate setup (<100 to 250 μL per embryo or larva).…”

“…For that, there was exposure of the zebrafish to compounds known to cause specific effects such as anti-convulsant activity [39], glucose uptake [45], pro-angiogenesis [36,37], antiangiogenesis [19,44], or estrogenic effects [52,56]. Regarding negative control conditions, most of the studies reported the testing of solvent controls in the same concentration as for the respective sample testing [19,32,34,35,[38][39][40]43,44,47,[49][50][51]53,55]. Some studies have additionally evaluated a medium only condition in addition to the solvent control [36,37,42,54,56,57].…”

“…In the EDA studies, there was submission of the respective solvents [51,53,56,57] or of HPLC-grade water [58] through the same or part of the procedures that were applied to samples (i.e. sample preparation, extraction, fractionation).…”

EDA-EMERGE: an FP7 initial training network to equip the next generation of young scientists with the skills to address the complexity of environmental contamination with emerging pollutants

“…Approaches are required to focus analytical efforts on those chemicals that actually pose a risk or cause an effect. Two of the most prominent methodologies to approach this challenge, effect-directed analysis ( Figure 1) and toxicity identification evaluation, apply biological tools to select fractions of a mixture and individual components for identification and structure elucidation efforts according to measurable effects [11][12][13][14][15].…”