Efectos del piojo del salmón Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) en las poblaciones de truchas (Salmo trutta) de la costa NE Atlántica

Abstract

REVISIÓN Efectos del piojo del salmón Lepeophtheirus salmonis(Copepoda: Caligidae) en las poblaciones de truchas (Salmo trutta) de la costa NE Atlántica Abstract.-Salmon lice are external parasites on salmonids in the marine environment. During recent years, s ea lice abundance has been increased due to the presence of salmon farming using on-growing floating seas-cages. Amongst salmonids, sea trout is especially vulnerable to salmon lice infestations, because during their mari ne residence they typically remain in coastal waters, where open net cage Atlantic salmon farms typically are situated. In this report the existing knowledge about the effects of salmon lice on sea trout populations in the NE Atlantic coastal waters has been reviewed, assessing the current situation of this problematic. Salmon aquaculture increase the salmon lice abundance, which affect negatively on sea trout populations as an increase in marine mortality, changes in migratory behaviour and reduction of marine growth. These conclusions are based on published studies that range from those investigating the effects of salmon lice on individual fish, both in the laboratory and the field, to analyses of their impacts on populations in the wild. In sum, the combined knowledge from the reviewed studies provides evidence of a general and pervasive negative effect of salmon lice on sea trout populations, especially in intensively farmed areas. The effects induced by elevated salmon lice levels inevitably imply a reduction in numbers and body size of sea trout returning to freshwater for spawning, affecting the local population dynamic and recreational and commercial fisheries in the most impacted areas. Key words: Parasites, aquaculture, impact, salmonids, managementResumen.-Los piojos del salmón son parásitos externos de salmónidos en ambientes marinos. En los últimos a ños, la abundancia de este parásito ha aumentado debido a la presencia de cultivos de salmones en jaulas de engorde en mar abierto. Entre los salmónidos, la trucha es especialmente vulnerable a las infecciones por el piojo ya que permanece en aguas costeras durante su período marino, donde se sitúan las instalaciones acuícolas de cultivo del salmón. En el presente trabajo se recopila la información existente sobre los efectos del piojo del salmón en las poblaciones de truchas silvestres que habitan las costas del NE Atlántico, y evaluar posteriormente el estado actual de dicha problemá tica. La acuicultura de salmón aumenta la abundancia de piojos, los cuales impactan negativamente sobre las poblaciones d e truchas, aumentando la mortalidad, cambiando las pautas migratorias y disminuyendo el crecimiento. Estas conclusiones se basan en estudios científicos que abarcan desde experimentos en el laboratorio o en el campo de los efectos del piojo en las truchas a nivel individual, hasta estudios poblacionales de dichos impactos. En resumen, el conocimiento adquirido en esta revisión evidencia la existencia de un efecto general y persuasivo de los piojos en las pobl aciones de truchas...

The effect of temperature on ability of Lepeophtheirus salmonis to infect and persist on Atlantic salmon

“…Salmon lice have been steadily studied across disciplines, including investigating the immunological (Braden, Koop, & Jones, 2015; Dalvin, Jørgensen, et al., 2020; Fast, Ross, Muise, & Johnson, 2006; Holm et al., 2017; Krasnov, Skugor, Todorcevic, Glover, & Nilsen, 2012; Skugor, Glover, Nilsen, & Krasnov, 2008; Øvergard, Hamre, Grotmol, & Nilsen, 2018) and the physiological effects on the host fish (Bui, Dempster, Remen, & Oppedal, 2016; Fjelldal et al., 2020; Grimnes & Jakobsen, 1996; Wagner & McKinley, 2004; Wagner, McKinley, Bjorn, & Finstad, 2003), furthermore, the ecological effects on wild salmonids (Arechavala‐Lopez et al., 2015; Bøhn et al., 2020; Halttunen et al., 2018; Skilbrei et al., 2013; Vollset et al., 2016) and the use of hydrodynamic models to assess the risk of infection (Myksvoll et al., 2018; Sandvik et al., 2016). The infection pressure experienced by wild and farmed fish has been regarded as a function of copepodid density alone in oceanographic infection pressure models.…”