“…In contrast, morphological awareness, explicit knowledge of the morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning of words, has been much less studied. Morphological awareness, measured, for example, by the ability to identify and understand how prefixes and suffixes change word meanings and how words can go together to make compound words, is thought to play a significant role in the development of reading comprehension, and there is evidence that training such skills benefits reading comprehension (e.g., Deacon, Kieffer, & Laroche, 2014;Deacon & Kirby, 2004;Goodwin & Ahn, 2010;Kieffer, Petscher, Proctor, & Silverman, 2016;Lyster, Lervåg, & Hulme, 2016;Rueda-Sánchez & López-Bastida, 2016). However, a paucity of longitudinal data means that the mechanisms, which account for these relationships, are not understood; key questions are the extent to which morphological awareness differs from phonological awareness and from vocabulary in the prediction of reading outcomes.…”