Efectividad de la suplementación nutricional con polifenoles sobre el daño muscular y marcadores de estrés oxidativo en diferentes tipos de ejercicios físicos: Una revisión de la literatura.

Abstract

During exercise, there is a redox imbalance that increases reactive oxygen species, generating oxidative stress that favors muscle damage, affecting physical and sports performance. Different antioxidant supplements have been used to optimize muscle recovery after physical exercise. However, the effects of various antioxidants have been counterproductive, since the reactive oxygen species generated by exercise are necessary for muscle adaptation and their reduction prevents correct intracellular signaling and consequently the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise. Polyphenols are a type of antioxidant that are present in various fruits and herb extracts that have different characteristics depending on their structure and composition, some presenting a cell signaling pathway similar to exercise, generating different stimuli at the skeletal muscle level, being able to reduce the oxidative damage generated by exercise and even being able to enhance its effects. The aim of this literature review is to describe the effect of various polyphenols on muscle damage and biomarkers of oxidative stress on different forms of physical exercise and sports in adults. Durante la realización de ejercicio, existe un desbalance redox que aumenta las especies reactivas de oxígeno generando un estrés oxidativo que favorece el daño muscular incidiendo en el rendimiento físico y deportivo. Diferentes suplementos antioxidantes han sido utilizados para optimizar la recuperación muscular posterior a la realización de ejercicio físico. Sin embargo, los efectos de diversos antioxidantes han sido contraproducentes, ya que las especies reactivas de oxígeno generadas por el ejercicio son necesarias para la adaptación muscular y la disminución de éstas, impide la correcta señalización intracelular y con esto, la adaptación del músculo esquelético frente al ejercicio físico. Los polifenoles son un tipo de antioxidantes que están presentes en diversos frutos y extractos de hierbas que poseen diversas características dependiendo de su estructura y composición, presentando algunos una ruta de señalización celular similar al ejercicio físico, generando diferentes estímulos a nivel del músculo esquelético, pudiendo reducir el daño oxidativo generado por el ejercicio e incluso, pudiendo potenciar sus efectos. El objetivo de la presente revisión a la literatura es determinar y describir el efecto de diversos polifenoles en el daño muscular y marcadores de estrés oxidativo posterior a diferentes modalidades de ejercicio físico y deportes en adultos.

The potential role of apigenin in the enhancement of the antioxidant adaptation to exercise by bioactive dietary compounds

“…Therefore, when antioxidant scavengers inhibit the PGC-1α/ Nrf2 pathway and reduce the levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, GPX and mitochondrial biogenesis 17,[24][25][26]28 , physical exercise loses its preventive role against metabolic diseases linked to chronic OS when combined with antioxidant scavenger supplementation 24 . On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that indirect antioxidants, including polyunsaturated fatty acids 29 and certain polyphenols 3 , can induce a pre-conditioning effect similar to exercising. This effect enhances the content of antioxidant enzymes via the PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway in metabolic diseases associated with OS 30 .…”

“…Among the endogenous defense, some include endogenous antioxidants enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 2 . In contrast, exogenous sources encompass ascorbic acid (Vit C), α-tocopherol (Vit E) and diverse polyphenols 3 .…”