EEG, Consciousness, and Sleep

Simon, Charles W.; Emmons, William H.

doi:10.1126/science.124.3231.1066

Cited by 83 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, there is no evidence that any episodic encoding occurred during sleep. Moreover, some doubts about this second possibility come from the principle that new learning does not occur for information presented only during sleep (e.g., Emmons & Simon, 1956; Simon & Emmons, 1956), although classical conditioning appears to be an exception (Arzi et al, 2012), so other types of implicit learning may constitute analogous exceptions that deserve further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-based memory processing facilitates grammatical generalization: Evidence from targeted memory reactivation

Batterink

Paller

2017

Brain and Language

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Generalization — the ability to abstract regularities from specific examples and apply them to novel instances — is an essential component of language acquisition. Generalization not only depends on exposure to input during wake, but may also improve offline during sleep. Here we examined whether targeted memory reactivation during sleep can influence grammatical generalization. Participants gradually acquired the grammatical rules of an artificial language through an interactive learning procedure. Then, phrases from the language (experimental group) or stimuli from an unrelated task (control group) were covertly presented during an afternoon nap. Compared to control participants, participants re-exposed to the language during sleep showed larger gains in grammatical generalization. Sleep cues produced a bias, not necessarily a pure gain, suggesting that the capacity for memory replay during sleep is limited. We conclude that grammatical generalization was biased by auditory cueing during sleep, and by extension, that sleep likely influences grammatical generalization in general.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-based memory processing facilitates grammatical generalization: Evidence from targeted memory reactivation

Batterink

Paller

2017

Brain and Language

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“…Sleep-wake transition-The transition from sleep to awake is similar physiologically to falling asleep although the EEG transition is usually more rapid. Behaviorally, there is a period referred to as sleep inertia following awakening from sleep, during which the EEG reveals awake state but there is decreased cognition and responsiveness to stimuli compared to an awake period compared to what is observed after several more minutes, or even hours, of wakefulness (Simon and Emmons, 1956;Webb and Agnew, 1964). The duration of this decreased performance following arousal on a sustained attention task may last an hour or more Jewett et al, 1999), but more typically dissipates in 5-35 min (Akerstedt et al, 1989).…”

Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

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463

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Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep-wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.

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“…Psychological Laboratory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut I May 1957 Electroencephalographic "Blocking" and "Adaptation" Under the title "EEG, consciousness, and sleep," Simon and Emmons (1) have presented evidence that conditions of wakefulness favorable to recognition and recall of stimuli are accompanied or preceded within 30 seconds by recordable alpha rhythm. Yet the authors recognize that processes of attention or concentration following stimulation tend to be simultaneous with reduction or "blocking" of the alpha rhythm.…”

Section: William R Thompsonmentioning

confidence: 99%