EECOR: An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Rahman, Arif Ur; Lee, Young-Doo; Koo, Insoo

doi:10.1109/access.2017.2730233

Cited by 109 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, updating information about disconnected routes is cumbersome when nodes are far apart and when nodes move with ocean currents. To cope with the adverse channel conditions, the protocol proposed in [14] combines cooperative routing with opportunistic routing. Cooperative routing ensures reliability by receiving more than one a single copy of identical data packets at destination.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability-Aware Cooperative Routing with Adaptive Amplification for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2019

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The protocols in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs) that address reliability in packets forwarding usually consider the connectivity of the routing paths up to one- or two-hops. Since senor nodes are connected with one another using other nodes in their neighborhood, such protocols have compromised reliability. It is because these protocols do not guarantee the presence of neighbors beyond the selected one- or two-hops for connectivity and path establishment. This is further worsened by the harshness and unpredictability of the underwater scenario. In addition, establishment of the routing paths usually requires the nodes’ undersea geographical locations, which is infeasible because currents in water cause the nodes to move from one position to another. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents two routing schemes for UAWSNs: reliability-aware routing (RAR) and reliability-aware cooperative routing with adaptive amplification (RACAA). RAR considers complete path connectivity to advance packets to sea surface. This overcomes packets loss when connectivity is not established and forwarder nodes are not available for data routing. For all the established paths, the probability of successfully transmitting data packets is calculated. This avoids the adverse channel effects. However, sea channel is unpredictable and fluctuating and its properties may change after its computation and prior to information transmission. Therefore, cooperative routing is introduced to RAR with adaptive power control of relays, which makes the RACCA protocol. In RACAA, a relay node increases its transmit power than normal when the error in the data; it receives from the sender, is more than 50 % before transferring it further to destination. This further increases the reliability when such packets are forwarded. Unlike the conventional approach, the proposed protocols are independent of knowing the geographical locations of nodes in establishing the routes, which is computationally challenging due to nodes’ movements with ocean currents and tides. Simulation results exhibit that RAR and RACAA outperform the counterpart scheme in delivering packets to the water surface.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability-Aware Cooperative Routing with Adaptive Amplification for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2019

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“…Inference aware routing protocol is used in USWN to follow end-end path from basis node to sink node. The problem of void hole in Depth-Based Routing (DBR) protocol is avoided in Inference aware routing protocol [7]. The protocol that combines the relay and direct forwarding mechanism in transmission of data from source node to sink node is utilized by means of Energy Efficient, Interference And Route Aware (EEIRA) protocol in USWN.…”

Section: Main Reference Schemes In Previous Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opportunistic routing concept is utilized to overcome the energy consumption challenges of acoustic signal propagation and to increase the communication reliability. From [7] it is clearly understood that the energy consumption is less compared to other 4 protocols to deliver the same level of DPSN to surface sink. The energy consumption is less as the forwarding relay node set is selected based on the neighbor node fitness factor and also the holding time in forwarding relay node in relay set prevent packet collision and data retransmission.…”

Section: Eecormentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Analysis on Localization Free Routing Protocols in UWSNs

Teekaraman¹,

Sthapit²,

Choe³

et al. 2019

IJCIS

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A B S T R A C TThe challenges faced in underwater communication systems are limited bandwidth, Energy consumption rate, larger propagation delay time, End-End Delay (E-ED), 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization and power constraints. These issues and challenges are solved by means of deploying the energy efficient protocol. The protocol can either be localization-based protocol or localization free protocol. In this paper, review of localization free protocols were discussed and reviewed with reference to environmental factors, data transmission rate, transmission efficiency, energy consumption rate, E-ED and propagation delay. The review analysis gives the pros and cons to give rise to the new directions of research for future improvements in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). This manuscript propose a survey on localization free protocol according to the problem addressed or the major parameter considered during routing in UWSNs. Unlike the existing survey, the present survey focuses on present state and art of routing protocols, in terms of routing strategy issues addressed. The solutions of energy efficient protocol is arrived by highlighting the pros of each protocols. The description of routing strategy for each protocol is presented to understand its operation in an understandable form. The cons of each protocol is taken into consideration for further investigation and to arrive the best protocol. The presented routing strategy, pros and cons provide open challenges and research directions for future investigation.

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“…It also has a high delay due to using two relays instead of one. In [23], a cooperative with an opportunistic routing scheme is presented. A sender checks the relay nodes' set, by considering only depth knowledge The holding time logic is also used for each relay node to prevent data from collision.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Balanced Localization-Free Cooperative Noise-Aware Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2019

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Owing to the harsh and unpredictable behavior of the sea channel, network protocols that combat the undesirable and challenging properties of the channel are of critical significance. Protocols addressing such challenges exist in literature. However, these protocols consume an excessive amount of energy due to redundant packets transmission or have computational complexity by being dependent on the geographical positions of nodes. To address these challenges, this article designs two protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The first protocol, depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR), incorporates the extent of link noise in combination with the depth of a node to decide the next information forwarding candidate. However, it sends data over a single link and is, therefore, vulnerable to the harshness of the channel. Therefore, routing in a cooperative fashion is added to it that makes another scheme called cooperative DNAR (Co-DNAR), which uses source-relay-destination triplets in information advancement. This reduces the probability of information corruption that would otherwise be sent over a single source-destination link. Simulations-backed results reveal the superior performance of the proposed schemes over some competitive schemes in consumed energy, packet advancement to destination, and network stability.

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EECOR: An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Cited by 109 publications

References 26 publications

Reliability-Aware Cooperative Routing with Adaptive Amplification for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

Reliability-Aware Cooperative Routing with Adaptive Amplification for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Analysis on Localization Free Routing Protocols in UWSNs

Energy Balanced Localization-Free Cooperative Noise-Aware Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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