Educational Level, but Not Income or Area Deprivation, is Related to Macrovascular Disease: Results From Two Population-Based Cohorts in Germany

Abstract

Objectives: An inverse relationship between education and cardiovascular risk has been described, however, the combined association of education, income, and neighborhood socioeconomic status with macrovascular disease is less clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of educational level, equivalent household income and area deprivation with macrovascular disease in Germany.Methods: Cross-sectional data from two representative German population-based studies, SHIP-TREND (n = 3,731) and KORA-F4 (n = 2,870), were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between socioeconomic determinants and macrovascular disease (defined as self-reported myocardial infarction or stroke).Results: The study showed a higher odds of prevalent macrovascular disease in men with low and middle educational level compared to men with high education. Area deprivation and equivalent income were not related to myocardial infarction or stroke in any of the models.Conclusion: Educational level, but not income or area deprivation, is significantly related to the macrovascular disease in men. Effective prevention of macrovascular disease should therefore start with investing in individual education.

Spatial-temporal analysis of cerebral infarction mortality in Hokkaido, Japan: an ecological study using a conditional autoregressive model

“…A model included the number of expected deaths as an offset term to adjust for the population size of each municipality. Moreover, in terms of municipality-level socioeconomic status variables, this study adopted; the ratio of people who completed college and university studies (%), the proportion of workers in primary industries (%), such as agriculture and fishing, the proportion of workers in secondary industries (%), such as manufacturing and construction, and the proportion of workers in tertiary industries (%), mainly services [14][15][16][17]. However, these socioeconomic values were impact of socioeconomic factors on stroke is a global challenge, and improving access to healthcare may reduce disparities in outcomes.…”