Educational inequalities in adult mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Asia Pacific region

Abstract

ObjectivesIn this study, we aim to analyse the relationship between educational attainment and all-cause mortality of adults in the high-income Asia Pacific region.DesignThis study is a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis with no language restrictions on searches. Included articles were assessed for study quality and risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the overall effect of individual level educational attainment on all-cause mortality.SettingThe high-income Asia Pacific Region consisting of Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam.ParticipantsArticles reporting adult all-cause mortality by individual-level education were obtained through searches conducted from 25 November 2019 to 6 December 2019 of the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Global Health (CAB), EconLit and Sociology Source Ultimate.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAdult all-cause mortality was the primary outcome of interest.ResultsLiterature searches resulted in 15 345 sources screened for inclusion. A total of 30 articles meeting inclusion criteria with data from the region were included for this review. Individual-level data from 7 studies covering 222 241 individuals were included in the meta-analyses. Results from the meta-analyses showed an overall risk ratio of 2.40 (95% CI 1.74 to 3.31) for primary education and an estimate of 1.29 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.54) for secondary education compared with tertiary education.ConclusionThe results indicate that lower educational attainment is associated with an increase in the risk of all-cause mortality for adults in the high-income Asia Pacific region. This study offers empirical support for the development of policies to reduce health disparities across the educational gradient and universal access to all levels of education.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020183923.

The role of working conditions in educational differences in all-cause and ischemic heart disease mortality among Swedish men

“…The finding that higher education is related to better health has a long history in the human sciences. Relative educational differences in mortality have been consistently found in a wide variety of populations and subgroups ( 1 , 2 ) and across birth cohorts ( 3 ). Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the number one cause of death worldwide and education has also been found to be one of the important social determinants of IHD ( 4 , 5 ).…”