“…EDM analyze data generated by any type of information system supporting learning or education (in schools, colleges, universities, and other academic or professional learning institutions providing traditional and modern forms and methods of teaching, as well as informal learning). These data7 are not restricted to interactions of individual students with an educational system (e.g., navigation behavior, input in quizzes and interactive exercises) but might also include data from collaborating students (e.g., text chat), administrative data (e.g., school, school district, teacher), demographic data (e.g., gender, age, school grades), student affectivity (e.g., motivation, emotional states), and so forth. These data have typical characteristics such as multiple levels of hierarchy (subject, assignment, question levels), context (a particular student in a particular class encountering a particular question at a particular time on a particular date), fine grained (recording of data at different resolutions to facilitate different analyses, e.g., recording data every 20 second), and longitudinal (much data recorded over many sessions for a long period of time, e.g., spanning semester and year‐long courses).…”