Educational and Criminal Justice Outcomes 12 Years After School Suspension

Rosenbaum, Janet E.

doi:10.1177/0044118x17752208

Cited by 78 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Out-of-school suspension is common and promoted by federal zero-tolerance policy, with over a third of youth suspended over a K-12 school career [5], suggesting a large proportion of youth who are at greater than average STI risk. Suspended youth are at greater risk of arrest [16] and arrested youth have greater STI risk [36], but this analysis suggests that increased STI risk exists even among those who are suspended but not subsequently arrested. The association between suspension and trichomoniasis could be explained by the theory of labeling and deviance amplification: youth who are suspended may be labeled as deviant and associate with more deviant peers and riskier sexual networks [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The association between suspension and trichomoniasis could be explained by the theory of labeling and deviance amplification: youth who are suspended may be labeled as deviant and associate with more deviant peers and riskier sexual networks [37]. Past research suggests that police stops and first arrests predict subsequent arrests, and school suspension predicts arrests, which have been explained as effects of labeling and secondary deviance [10,11,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study found no difference in educational attainment two years after suspension and inferred that previous studies could be explained by selection bias [15]. However, a longitudinal study that used matched sampling found suspended youth have lower educational attainment and greater criminal justice involvement than matched nonsuspended youth 12 years after school suspension [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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School suspension predicts trichomoniasis five years later in a matched sample

Rosenbaum

2020

BMC Public Health

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Background: Young adults who were suspended from school during adolescence are more likely than matched non-suspended youth to be arrested, on probation, or not graduate from high school, which are STI risk factors. This study evaluates whether suspension is a marker for STI risk among young adults who avoid subsequent negative effects. Methods: This study evaluated whether suspension predicts a positive test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis in a urine sample using matched sampling in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health (Add Health), and evaluated potential mediators between suspension and STI status using causal mediation analysis. We used Mahalanobis and exact matched sampling within propensity score calipers to compare 381 youth suspended for the first time in a 1-year period with 980 non-suspended youth. The suspended and nonsuspended youth were similar on 67 pre-suspension variables. We evaluated STI outcomes 5 years after suspension. Results: Before matching, suspended youth were more likely to test positive for trichomoniasis and gonorrhea, but not chlamydia, than non-suspended youth. Suspended youth were more likely to test positive for trichomoniasis 5 years after suspension than matched non-suspended youth (OR = 2.87 (1.40, 5.99)). Below-median household income before suspension explained 9% of the suspension-trichomoniasis association (p = 0.02), but criminal justice involvement and educational attainment were not statistically significantly mediators. Conclusions: School suspension is a marker for STI risk. Punishing adolescents for initial deviance may cause them to associate with riskier sexual networks even if they graduate high school and avoid criminal justice system involvement. Suspension may compound disadvantages for youth from below-median-income families, who have fewer resources for recovering from setbacks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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School suspension predicts trichomoniasis five years later in a matched sample

Rosenbaum

2020

BMC Public Health

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“…Suspended youth are at greater risk of arrest (13) and arrested youth have greater STI risk (24), but this analysis suggests that increased STI risk exists even among those who are suspended but not subsequently arrested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…One study found no difference in educational attainment two years after suspension and inferred that previous studies could be explained by selection bias (12). However, a longitudinal study that used matched sampling found suspended youth have lower educational attainment and greater criminal justice involvement than matched non-suspended youth 12 years after school suspension (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School Suspension Predicts Trichomoniasis Five Years Later in a Matched Sample

Rosenbaum¹

2020

Preprint

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Background: Young adults who were suspended from school during adolescence are more likely than matched non-suspended youth to be arrested, on probation, or not graduate from high school, which are STI risk factors. This study evaluates whether suspension is a marker for STI risk among young adults who avoid subsequent negative effects. Methods: This study evaluated whether suspension predicts a positive test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis in a urine sample using matched sampling in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health (Add Health), and evaluated potential mediators between suspension and STI status using causal mediation analysis. We used Mahalanobis and exact matched sampling within propensity score calipers to compare 381 youth suspended for the first time in a 1-year period with 980 non-suspended youth. The suspended and non-suspended youth were similar on 67 pre-suspension variables. We evaluated STI outcomes 5 years after suspension. Results: Before matching, suspended youth were more likely to test positive for trichomoniasis and gonorrhea, but not chlamydia, than non-suspended youth. Suspended youth were more likely to test positive for trichomoniasis 5 years after suspension than matched non-suspended youth (OR=2.87 (1.40, 5.99)). Below-median household income before suspension explained 9% of the suspension-trichomoniasis association (p=0.02), but criminal justice involvement and educational attainment were not statistically significantly mediators. Conclusions: School suspension is a marker for STI risk. Punishing adolescents for initial deviance may cause them to associate with riskier sexual networks even if they graduate high school and avoid criminal justice system involvement. Suspension may compound disadvantages for youth from below-median-income families, who have fewer resources for recovering from setbacks.

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Exclusionary School Discipline and School Achievement for Middle and High School Students, by Race and Ethnicity

Cribb Fabersunne,

Lee,

McBride

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceThere are racial and ethnic inequities in exclusionary school discipline (ESD) (ie, a disciplinary action that removes students from their classroom or school environment, eg, referrals, suspensions, and/or expulsions) practices in the US. Exclusionary school discipline has been associated with negative education, health, and criminal justice outcomes.ObjectivesTo investigate whether experiencing an ESD event was associated with decreased grade point average (GPA) and whether minoritized students (eg, Black or Latine [description used in database]) are disproportionately affected compared with White students.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn a cohort study using retrospective administrative longitudinal data of children in the 6th to 10th grades (August 18, 2014, to May 26, 2017) in a large, single urban school district in California, linear mixed models were applied to compare the timing of the first exclusionary event and the average change in GPA and evaluate the relative variation among minoritized students experiencing an exclusionary event. Data analysis was conducted from August 18, 2018, to August 21, 2023.ExposureYear at which students experienced first ESD events over the study period.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome of interest was change in average grade point average (GPA); students’ GPA averaged across courses was averaged across each year.ResultsOf the 16 849 students (8756 [52.0%] male), 21.4% experienced at least 1 ESD event. The mean (SD) age was 14.3 (1.6) years, and 7.5% identified as Black, 25.6% Latine, and 10.0% White. Black and Latine students experienced exclusionary events at nearly 10 and 3 times more than White students (mean [SD]: Black, 6.69 [12.80] events; Latine, 2.01 [6.18] events; White, 0.71 [4.46] events; P &lt; .001). When controlling for gender, maternal educational level, race and ethnicity, and school year, having experienced an ESD event in the first year was associated with an average decrease in GPA by 0.88 (95% CI, −0.91 to −0.84) points compared with no ESD events; experiencing ESD events also had significant differences in the second (−0.63 [95% CI, −0.67 to −0.59]) and third (−0.52 [95% CI, −0.57 to −0.47]) years. Black and Latine race and ethnicity was associated with the greatest decrease in GPA compared with White students (Black, −0.56 [95% CI, −0.61 to −0.51]; Latine, −0.51 [95% CI, −0.54 to −0.47]; P &lt; .001).Conclusion and RelevanceThis study observed racial and ethnic inequities in ESD prevalence and its association with educational attainment. The findings suggest that it may be beneficial for pediatricians and other health care professionals to screen for exclusion, as experiencing ESD events may affect health across the life course. In addition, it may be useful to categorize ESD events as an adverse childhood experience and abolish the practice from schools as a disciplinary measure.

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Educational and Criminal Justice Outcomes 12 Years After School Suspension

Cited by 78 publications

References 49 publications

School suspension predicts trichomoniasis five years later in a matched sample

School suspension predicts trichomoniasis five years later in a matched sample

School Suspension Predicts Trichomoniasis Five Years Later in a Matched Sample

Exclusionary School Discipline and School Achievement for Middle and High School Students, by Race and Ethnicity

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