Educational achievement in psychiatric patients and their siblings: a register-based study in 30 000 individuals in The Netherlands

Tempelaar, Wanda; Termorshuizen, Fabian; MacCabe, James H.; Boks, Marco P.; Kahn, René S.

doi:10.1017/s0033291716002877

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…It is well established that indirect costs, such as non‐employment, constitute a large part of the total economic burden caused by mental disorders . Most previous studies have also shown that most disorders are associated with lower rates of employment and low income , but not necessarily with low education . To our knowledge, the current study is one of the largest to examine the associations of serious mental disorders with subsequent economic outcomes and the first one to compare the associations between different mental disorders that are critical for policy decisions to allocate the healthcare resources to the treatment of these conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, studies that have examined the association between mental disorders with educational attainment have produced partially mixed findings. Whereas cross‐sectional and longitudinal survey studies have found that most mental disorders are associated with poor educational attainment , a recent register‐based study from the Netherlands founded that schizophrenia, but not depression or bipolar disorder, were associated with lower likelihood of obtaining secondary or higher education . Taken together, it seems that mental disorders can lead to irregular work careers and permanently low income, thus increasing the total economic burden of mental disorders .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This issue is of high policy importance as most mental disorders emerge before the age of 25 , increasing substantially the risk of poor economic outcomes over life course. Furthermore, most previous studies have mainly compared schizophrenia with mood disorders , leaving out substance abuse and anxiety disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mental disorders and long‐term labour market outcomes: nationwide cohort study of 2 055 720 individuals

Hakulinen

Elovainio

Arffman

et al. 2019

Acta Psychiatr Scand

119

102

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Objective To examine the associations between an onset of serious mental disorders before the age of 25 with subsequent employment, income and education outcomes. Methods Nationwide cohort study including individuals (n = 2 055 720) living in Finland between 1988–2015, who were alive at the end of the year they turned 25. Mental disorder diagnosis between ages 15 and 25 was used as the exposure. The level of education, employment status, annual wage or self‐employment earnings, and annual total income between ages 25 and 52 (measurement years 1988–2015) were used as the outcomes. Results All serious mental disorders were associated with increased risk of not being employed and not having any secondary or higher education between ages 25 and 52. The earnings for individuals with serious mental disorders were considerably low, and the annual median total income remained rather stable between ages 25 and 52 for most of the mental disorder groups. Conclusions Serious mental disorders are associated with low employment rates and poor educational outcomes, leading to a substantial loss of total earnings over the life course.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Mental disorders and long‐term labour market outcomes: nationwide cohort study of 2 055 720 individuals

Hakulinen

Elovainio

Arffman

et al. 2019

Acta Psychiatr Scand

119

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is known that achievement is significantly lower in cognitively unselected schizophrenia patients than in the general population and relative to other psychiatric populations [36]. However, patients with normal range cognition are relatively rare and represent a special subgroup of individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Thinning in Network-Associated Regions in Cognitively Normal and Below-Normal Range Schizophrenia

Heinrichs

Pinnock

Parlar

et al. 2017

Schizophrenia Research and Treatment

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This study assessed whether cortical thickness across the brain and regionally in terms of the default mode, salience, and central executive networks differentiates schizophrenia patients and healthy controls with normal range or below-normal range cognitive performance. Cognitive normality was defined using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) composite score (T = 50 ± 10) and structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to generate cortical thickness data. Whole brain analysis revealed that cognitively normal range controls (n = 39) had greater cortical thickness than both cognitively normal (n = 17) and below-normal range (n = 49) patients. Cognitively normal controls also demonstrated greater thickness than patients in regions associated with the default mode and salience, but not central executive networks. No differences on any thickness measure were found between cognitively normal range and below-normal range controls (n = 24) or between cognitively normal and below-normal range patients. In addition, structural covariance between network regions was high and similar across subgroups. Positive and negative symptom severity did not correlate with thickness values. Cortical thinning across the brain and regionally in relation to the default and salience networks may index shared aspects of the psychotic psychopathology that defines schizophrenia with no relation to cognitive impairment.

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“…Economic evaluations have estimated that the total costs of mood disorders are enormous (Cloutier, Greene, Guerin, Touya, & Wu, ; Greenberg, Fournier, Sisitsky, Pike, & Kessler, ; Kessler et al, ; Luppa, Heinrich, Angermeyer, König, & Riedel‐Heller, ), with unemployment and other indirect costs typically being the largest components of the total economic costs (Cloutier et al, ; Greenberg et al, ). A number of prospective observational cohort studies have shown that mood disorders are associated with poor socioeconomic outcomes in terms of occupational status and income (Ahola et al, ; Hakulinen et al, ; Marwaha, Durrani, & Singh, ; Mojtabai, Stuart, Hwang, & Susukida et al, ; Whooley et al, ; Zimmerman & Katon, ); however the findings regarding mood disorders and subsequent educational attainment are mixed (Mojtabai, Stuart, Hwang, Eaton et al, ; Tempelaar, Termorshuizen, MacCabe, Boks, & Kahn, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bipolar disorder and depression in early adulthood and long‐term employment, income, and educational attainment: A nationwide cohort study of 2,390,127 individuals

2019

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Background: Mood disorders are known to be associated with poor socioeconomic outcomes, but no study has examined these associations across the entire worklife course. Our goal was to estimate the associations between bipolar disorder and depression in early adulthood and subsequent employment, income, and educational attainment.Methods: We conducted a nationwide prospective cohort study including all individuals (n = 2,390,127; 49% female) born in Denmark between 1955 and 1990.Hospital-based diagnoses of depression and bipolar disorder before age 25 were obtained from the Danish psychiatric register. Yearly employment, earnings, and education status from ages 25 to 61 were obtained from the Danish labor market and education registers. We estimated both absolute and relative proportions.Results: Population rates of hospital-diagnosed depression and bipolar between ages 15-25 were 1% and 0.12%, respectively. Compared to individuals without mood disorders, those with depression and particularly bipolar disorder had consistently poor socioeconomic outcomes across the entire work-life span. For example, at age 30, 62% of bipolar and 53% of depression cases were outside the workforce compared to 19% of the general population, and 52% of bipolar and 42% of depression cases had no higher education compared to 27% of the general population. Overall, individuals with bipolar disorder or depression earned around 36% and 51%, respectively, of the income earned by individuals without mood disorders. All associations were smaller for individuals not rehospitalized after age 25.Conclusions: Severe mood disorders with onset before age 25, particularly bipolar disorder, are associated with persistent poor socioeconomic outcomes across the entire work-life course. K E Y W O R D Sbipolar disorder, depression, mood disorders, register based study, socioeconomic outcomes

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Educational achievement in psychiatric patients and their siblings: a register-based study in 30 000 individuals in The Netherlands

Cited by 36 publications

References 39 publications

Mental disorders and long‐term labour market outcomes: nationwide cohort study of 2 055 720 individuals

Mental disorders and long‐term labour market outcomes: nationwide cohort study of 2 055 720 individuals

Cortical Thinning in Network-Associated Regions in Cognitively Normal and Below-Normal Range Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder and depression in early adulthood and long‐term employment, income, and educational attainment: A nationwide cohort study of 2,390,127 individuals

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