“…Discussion Totally, type 2 diabetics of our study had lower quality of life in diverse domains in comparison with similar studies. Our research indicated that quality of life decreases with age which is similar to previous studies carried out on diabetic patients [10,11,12,13,1,4,15] . The patients with type 2 DM had better mental component score than physical component score which was similar to previous studies carried out on diabetic patients [16] .…”
Section: Methodssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…So it seems to be important to study the patient's quality of life. Complications may further affect quality of life in diabetes in patients [2,3,4] .…”
“…Discussion Totally, type 2 diabetics of our study had lower quality of life in diverse domains in comparison with similar studies. Our research indicated that quality of life decreases with age which is similar to previous studies carried out on diabetic patients [10,11,12,13,1,4,15] . The patients with type 2 DM had better mental component score than physical component score which was similar to previous studies carried out on diabetic patients [16] .…”
Section: Methodssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…So it seems to be important to study the patient's quality of life. Complications may further affect quality of life in diabetes in patients [2,3,4] .…”
“…A modelling study was carried out based on real-life data of an observational study with biphasic insulin aspart 30, therapeutic patterns for Bulgaria and local cost data (8,12,16,20,21,24,28,30). (10,11,12,16,20).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…the information on tobacco and alcohol usage was Bulgaria-specific and was derived from Who (31,32). Data regarding cardiovascular, renal, ocular and neuropathy co-morbidities were derived from a Bulgarian cohort of 201 insulin using patients enrolled in an educational program (24). Data regarding physiological parameter levels at the baseline were derived from a previously published cost-effectiveness analysis in the Bulgarian setting (12).…”
Diabetes education or self-management programmes are complex interventions. Their evaluation is difficult because of problems in identifying and separately assessing the effect of the various components of the intervention. A phased approach defining sequential stages of a continuum of increasing evidence has been proposed as a framework for the design and evaluation of such complex interventions. As an example we present the available evidence for diabetes treatment and teaching programmes implemented in Germany. Evidence is compiled for structured group treatment and teaching programmes for Type I diabetes, noninsulin dependent Type II diabetes, and hypertension according to the following sequential stages of increasing evidence: (i) preclinical or theoretical phase; (ii) modelling the components of the intervention; (iii) exploratory trials; (iv) randomized controlled trials; (v) phase of implementation including replication and transfer to different settings. Evidence for most of these phases has been generated for the three programmes, although individual studies do not fulfill all important quality criteria by today's standards. The time span for gathering the evidence from the theoretical phase to surveillance after implementation was about 20 years. It can only be speculated which parts of the programmes are the most active ones. The presentation of a continuum of increasing evidence for diabetes education or self-management programmes could provide useful information for the appraisal of such complex interventions. Since this evidence cannot be readily extracted from databases we suggest that other research groups present their data in a similar way. [Diabetologia (2002[Diabetologia ( ) 45:1723[Diabetologia ( -1733
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