Education Enrollment Level and Income Inequality: A Case of SAARC Economies

Arshed, Noman; Ali, Anwar; Kousar, Nabeela; Bukhari, Samra

doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1824-9

Cited by 53 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Therefore, people are pioneers who can exploit skill gains at the expense of others, and this will continue until a point comes where a competition is created because of a higher number of skilled people. The results of the primary and secondary education enrollment analysis are similar to the case of SAARC countries (Arshed et al., ). In contrast, results of the tertiary education analysis are the opposite of that of SAARC countries, because there is a lower incidence of tertiary enrollment in SAARC countries than in Asia.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…This study will add to the discussion of the anomaly presented in Arshed et al. () for the case of Asia. Moreover, this study uses the variables that are confirmed by the theory.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Hence, by using a larger sample that has a higher incidence of tertiary enrollment, this study has provided the reason for why the SAARC region is opposite to the standard inverted U‐shaped Kuznets curve reported in the study by Arshed et al. ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Based on the evidence of nonlinear association between education and income inequality from Figure , this study has used the square form of primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollment. The idea behind the quadratic function is that because it is expected that the effect of education enrollment is dependent on the incidence of enrollment itself (Arshed et al., ; Hayes, ), the data will form an education—income inequality Kuznets curve. In addition, spending on education and health will improve the efficiency in the production sector, which further affects the supply of labor in each occupation (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on this inverted U‐shaped association, a study of the SAARC economies using the Kuznets curve hypothesis by Arshed et al. () highlighted that an increase in primary and secondary enrollment follows an inverted U‐shaped relationship but that an increase in tertiary enrollment follows a U‐shaped relationship.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Education stock and its implication for income inequality: The case of Asian economies

Arshed

Ali

Hassan

et al. 2019

Review Development Economics

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This study develops a quadratic relationship between education and income inequality among Asian developing economies for the period from 1960 to 2015. Panel cointegration and fully modified OLS is applied for the estimation of long‐run coefficients. The results show that initial, primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollment increases inequality. However, the effect of education on income inequality becomes negative after a certain threshold level (i.e., 97.5% for primary, 43.5% for secondary, and 11% for tertiary). Thus, this result proves the Kuznets phenomenon of an inverted U‐shape relationship for primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollments.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…This study will add to the discussion of the anomaly presented in Arshed et al. () for the case of Asia. Moreover, this study uses the variables that are confirmed by the theory.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Education stock and its implication for income inequality: The case of Asian economies

Arshed

Ali

Hassan

et al. 2019

Review Development Economics

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Does trade openness and FDI reduce inequality? Evidence from South Asia

2020

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This study seeks to examine whether trade openness and inward FDI may affect income distribution in an unbalanced panel of five South Asian countries over the period of 1990-2016. The analysis of the model involves the examination of likely non-linear effect of both trade and FDI on income distribution. Therefore, dynamic panel system-generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) estimator has been applied to mitigate the problem of nonlinearity and possible endogeneity. In the second stage, the model is extended to test the impact of education on income inequality. The hypothesis was that secondary school enrolment speeds up the process of adoption of contemporary technology and decreases inequality. The results reveal that trade and FDI have significant effects on income inequality, however, inverted U-shaped curve holds for trade as purposed by the trade theory. The component wise effect of trade was also held, except imports from advanced countries. The joint effect of trade and FDI through education has produced mixed results. South Asia needs to invest in social infrastructure and swifter the process of openness to achieve the desired goal of equitable prosperity.

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Role of institutional quality on women's empowerment—A case of highly gender unequal Asian countries

Qaiser

Rehman

Arshed

2023

Poverty & Public Policy

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Equal access to rights and opportunities for women and men is one of the indicators of women's empowerment. Classical economic growth models ignored gender differences in the labor force, but the literature now acknowledges the merits of equal participation of both genders in economic activities. This study investigates the determinants of gender equality as an instrument of women's empowerment. This study focused on Asian countries with a high gender gap in several domains. This lag in women's empowerment is hypothesized to be due to low‐quality institutions. The data for this investigation is compiled from World Development Indicators, Global Gender Gap reports, the Polity IV project, World Governance Indicators, and Human Development Reports. The Panel Feasible Generalized Least Squares results show that female unemployment and good governance tend to increase the gender gap in Asian countries, while Human Development Index, trade openness and democracy reduce the gender gap. This quantitative assessment is instrumental for policymakers in socially empowering women on equal terms with men in Asia.

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Education Enrollment Level and Income Inequality: A Case of SAARC Economies

Cited by 53 publications

References 39 publications

Education stock and its implication for income inequality: The case of Asian economies

Education stock and its implication for income inequality: The case of Asian economies

Does trade openness and FDI reduce inequality? Evidence from South Asia

Role of institutional quality on women's empowerment—A case of highly gender unequal Asian countries

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