Education Attainment and Parity Explain the Relationship Between Maternal Age and Breastfeeding Duration in U.S. Mothers

Whipps, Mackenzie D M

doi:10.1177/0890334416679385

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Some findings warrant further investigation. County-level education predicted greater toddler milk sales, although education levels also predict higher breast-feeding rates (24) . This finding suggests that common marketing messages about benefits from toddler milks (e.g.…”

Section: Additional Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

US toddler milk sales and associations with marketing practices

Choi

Ludwig

Harris

2020

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective:Extensive marketing of ‘toddler milks’ (sugar-sweetened milk-based drinks for toddlers) promotes unsubstantiated product benefits and raises concerns about consumption by young children. The present study documents trends in US toddler milk sales and assesses relationships with brand and category marketing.Design:We report annual US toddler milk and infant formula sales and marketing from 2006 to 2015. Sales response models estimate associations between marketing (television advertising spending, product price, number of retail displays) and volume sales of toddler milks by brand and category.Setting:US Nielsen retail scanner sales and advertising spending data from 2006 to 2015.Participants:Researchers analysed all Universal Product Codes (n 117·4 million) sold by seven infant formula and eight toddler milk brands from 2006 to 2015.Results:Advertising spending on toddler milks increased fourfold during this 10-year period and volume sales increased 2·6 times. In contrast, advertising spending and volume sales of infant formulas declined. Toddler milk volume sales were positively associated with television advertising and retail displays, and negatively associated with price, at both the brand and category levels.Conclusions:Aggressive marketing of toddler milks has likely contributed to rapid sales increases in the USA. However, these sugar-sweetened drinks are not recommended for toddler consumption. Health-care providers, professional organizations and public health campaigns should provide clear guidance and educate parents to reduce toddler milk consumption and address misperceptions about their benefits. These findings also support the need to regulate marketing of toddler milks in countries that prohibit infant formula marketing to consumers.

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Section: Additional Research Questionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

US toddler milk sales and associations with marketing practices

Choi

Ludwig

Harris

2020

Public Health Nutr.

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“…As with previous studies, parity and education level were associated with exclusive breastfeeding [4,12]. However, the effect of parity on exclusive breastfeeding practice is not a simple correlation; rather, it often varies by study populations and previous breastfeeding experiences in multiparous women [5,38,39]. Women with higher education levels easily access health-related information and have more favorable attitudes toward breastfeeding [40,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Exclusive breastfeeding practice is related to demographic, physiological, and psychological factors. The demographic factors including age, parity, and education level have consistently characterized exclusive breastfeeding mothers [4][5][6]. Mothers who did not experience breast complications such as nipple pains reported practicing exclusive breastfeeding more than those with breast complications [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-breastfeeding stress response and breastfeeding self-efficacy as modifiable predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum: a longitudinal study

Shiraishi

Matsuzaki

Kurihara

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of infants at 3 months postpartum is only 50% in Japan. In order to increase this rate, we aimed to examine modifiable factors related to exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum by focusing on breastfeeding-related and psychosocial variables at 1 month postpartum. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in a secondary medical care center in Osaka, Japan from February 2017 to October 2018. Demographic variables, infant feeding modality, breastfeeding-related variables, and psychosocial variables were obtained using questionnaires at 1 month postpartum. Daytime salivary cortisol levels before and after breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum were measured as a biological marker for stress responses associated with breastfeeding. Each infant’s feeding modality was re-assessed at 3 months postpartum. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum. Results: Of the 104 participants, 61 reported exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum. The following factors were significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum: multiparity (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 11.13, 2.08–59.59), having a university degree (5.25, 1.04–26.53), no plan to return to work by 6 months postpartum (0.02, 0.00–0.46), exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum (42.84, 6.05–303.52), lower cortisol level after breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum (0.00, 0.00–0.02), and higher breastfeeding self-efficacy scale score at 1 month postpartum (1.07, 1.00–1.14). In parity-specific analyses, exclusive breastfeeding (25.33, 4.75–134.98) and lower cortisol level after breastfeeding (0.00, 0.00–0.21) at 1 month postpartum in primiparous women, and lower cortisol level after breastfeeding (0.00, 0.00–0.94), higher breastfeeding self-efficacy score (1.18, 1.05–1.32), and absence of breast complications (0.09, 0.01-0.82) at 1 month postpartum in multiparous women were associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum. Conclusions: Stress levels after breastfeeding, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and presence of breast complications could be modifiable factors related to subsequent exclusive breastfeeding. Further research is needed to examine whether approaches to reducing breastfeeding-related stress, improving breastfeeding self-efficacy, and preventing breast complications during lactation are effective to increase exclusive breastfeeding practices.

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“…Further studies are required in the field. There are common literature findings which claim that longer breastfeeding is related to the mother's more mature age, higher level of education, and higher socio-economic status [6,8,16,23]. More frequent difficulty in the early stages of lactation is attributed to younger mothers [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of lactation problems versus socio-demographic conditions. Initial findings

Bączek¹,

Kameduła²,

Giermaziak³

2019

jogi

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Introduction: Breastfeeding is the best method of feeding newborns and babies. The percentage of Polish women who feed their babies only with breast milk at the age of six months is unsatisfactory. The impact of social and demographic factors on breastfeeding-related behaviour was described, so an attempt to identify specific risk groups in relation to age, marital status, education level, or place of residence seems justified. Material and methods: A diagnostic survey covered a group of 256 women who gave birth to a baby in the last 6 months by a Caesarean section in a hospital in Warsaw, however not earlier than in the 37 th week of pregnancy. Results: Women living in towns/cities with a population of over 50,000 people more often supplementarily fed their babies with modified milk. Mothers aged 18-25 years mentioned lactation problems far less often than mothers representing other age groups. Women of that age most often denied having problems with breast milk scarcity. The problem was most common in mothers over 35 years of age. No statistically significant differences in the frequency of reporting problems related to sore nipples were observed. The ailment was most often reported by women aged 18-25 years. Conclusions: Socio-demographic conditions are related to the behaviour that affects breastfeeding. The particularly important factors include the mother's age and education. Every group experiences different problems caused by various factors. Mothers representing the group with the lowest education level should be provided with special care.

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Education Attainment and Parity Explain the Relationship Between Maternal Age and Breastfeeding Duration in U.S. Mothers

Abstract: These findings indicate that maternal age primarily indexes parity and education but contributes minimally to breastfeeding duration via a direct effect. The findings have implications for intervention development and targeting strategies.

Cited by 32 publications

References 22 publications

US toddler milk sales and associations with marketing practices

US toddler milk sales and associations with marketing practices

Post-breastfeeding stress response and breastfeeding self-efficacy as modifiable predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum: a longitudinal study

Occurrence of lactation problems versus socio-demographic conditions. Initial findings

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