“…Research consistently shows that student achievement, including mathematics and science proficiency, is strongly associated with students' family background (e.g., OECD, 2016aOECD, , 2019Mahler & Kölm, 2019). Highly educated parents with prestigious jobs, high income and strong social networks typically have more economic, cultural, and social resources available to support the educational success of their children (e.g., Feinstein, Duckworth, & Sabates, 2008). Moreover, profi ciency in the language of instruction is crucial for acquiring new competencies in school (Kempert et al, 2016;Prevoo et al, 2016;, including knowledge and skills in mathematics and the natural sciences (e.g., Härtig, Heitmann, & Retelsdorf, 2015).…”