Education and Inequality in Brazil

Filho, Naércio Aquino Menezes; Kirschbaum, Charles

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78184-6_4

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Among the countless variables associated with the study of social inequalities, income remains the most important [67,68]. Nevertheless, education has been listed as the variable with the greatest capacity to produce social mobility [69]. In the last decade, studies have also highlighted the close relationship between urban inequality and environmental variables.…”

Section: Latent and Observed Variables Of S-iiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Intra-Urban Inequality with Structural Equation Modeling: A Theory-Grounded Indicator

et al. 2020

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Composite indicators are almost always determined by methods that aggregate a reasonable number of manifest variables that can be weighted—or not—as new synthesis variables. A problem arises when these aggregations and weightings do not capture the possible effects that the various underlying dimensions of the phenomenon have on each other, and consequently distort the assessment of intra-urban inequality. In this paper, we explore the direct and indirect effects that the different underlying dimensions of intra-urban inequality have on indicators that represent this phenomenon. Structural equation modeling was used to build a composite indicator that captures the direct and indirect effects of the underlying dimensions of intra-urban inequality. From this modeling that combines confirmatory factor analysis with a system of simultaneous equations, the intra-urban inequality of the urban conurbation of Maringá–Sarandi–Paiçandu, Brazil was measured. The model comprises first- and second-order structures. The first-order structure is composed of non-observed variables that represent three underlying dimensions of intra-urban inequality. The second-order structure is the intra-urban inequality composite indicator that synthesizes the non-observed variables of the first-order structure. The model aims at demonstrating how to perform a theorized measurement of urban inequality so that it makes it possible to identify which dimensions most influence the others, as well as which dimensions are more relevant to this purpose.

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Section: Latent and Observed Variables Of S-iiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Intra-Urban Inequality with Structural Equation Modeling: A Theory-Grounded Indicator

et al. 2020

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“…Brazil has experienced significant socioeconomic changes between 2003 and 2014,9 including decreasing unemployment rates and income inequality, and an increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) 10,11. Although the country was not severely impacted by the 2008-2009 global economic crisis, the GDP declined by 3.7% in 2015 and the unemployment rate increased for the first time in over a decade, rising from 6.8 to 8.5% 2,12…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between adolescent suicide rates and socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a 10-year retrospective ecological study

Jaen-Varas

Mari

Asevedo

et al. 2019

Braz. J. Psychiatry

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Objective:To examine suicide rates among adolescents from six large cities in Brazil and to analyze the relationship between adolescent suicide rates and socioeconomic indicators between 2006 and 2015.Methods:Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors – including social inequality and unemployment rates – on adolescent suicide rates.Results:The rate of adolescent suicide increased by 24% over the course of the study period. Social inequality (assessed using the Gini index), was positively associated with overall adolescent suicide rates (β = 10.68; 95%CI = 2.32-19.05; p ≤ 0.012). After disaggregating the findings by age (10-14 and 15-19 years), social inequality was associated with suicide rate only for adolescents aged 15-19 years (β = 9.63; 95%CI = 2.31-16.96; p ≤ 0.005). Disaggregating these findings by sex, the association with economic variables became significant only among females. Males had a higher overall suicide rate than females, and the highest rate was observed in male adolescents aged 15-19 years. Higher levels of unemployment were associated with higher suicide rates.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that socioeconomic indicators, particularly unemployment and social inequality, are relevant social determinants of suicide in adolescence.

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“…There is considerable evidence from Brazil that the linearity of the relationship between human capital stocks and employment may not hold. Drawing on dualistic theories, there is ample evidence linking race and gender to low income and low labour mobility, with the most affected groups including non-whites and women (Lovell, 2003, 2006; Arias et al ., 2004; Loureiro et al ., 2004; Ferreira and Veloso, 2006; Marió et al ., 2008; Menezes-Filho and Scorzafave, 2009; Saboia and Saboia, 2009; Arbache and Loureiro, 2012; Fontes et al ., 2012; Cacciamali and Tatei, 2013). Lower wages and higher rates of informality in the labour market both contribute to the disproportionate representation of non-whites among the poor with limited income and labour mobility (Arcand and D'Hombres, 2004; Arias et al ., 2004), with non-white Brazilians earning about half the wages of white Brazilians (Saboia and Saboia, 2009).…”

Section: The Empirical Evidence On Ccts: What We Know and What We Stimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the empirical evidence of returns to employment in Brazil also appears problematic in terms of the link between human capital, employment and poverty reduction in the CCT model. With the expansion of public education and CCTs, educational attainment among the Brazilian labour force has steadily increased, with a growing proportion of the workforce now having completed secondary school (see, for example, Arabsheibani et al ., 2006; Menezes-Filho and Scorzafave, 2009; Zepeda et al ., 2009; Manacorda et al ., 2010; Küpfer et al ., 2012). As a result, the relative wages of semi-skilled/secondary-educated workers have fallen compared with both unskilled/primary and high-skilled/tertiary-educated workers (Giovannetti and Menezes-Filho, 2006; Manacorda et al ., 2010).…”

Section: The Empirical Evidence On Ccts: What We Know and What We Stimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the relative wages of semi-skilled/secondary-educated workers have fallen compared with both unskilled/primary and high-skilled/tertiary-educated workers (Giovannetti and Menezes-Filho, 2006; Manacorda et al ., 2010). Thus, the dramatic expansion of semi-skilled/secondary-educated workers has not been met with a parallel expansion in demand, leading to their diminishing wage/skills premium, and increasing levels of unemployment and informality (Menezes-Filho and Scorzafave, 2009). Ultimately, the wage/skills premium offered for intermediate to secondary education is fundamental to the CCT model, in terms of employment and long-term poverty reduction.…”

Section: The Empirical Evidence On Ccts: What We Know and What We Stimentioning

confidence: 99%

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More Education, Better Jobs? A Critical Review of CCTs and Brazil's Bolsa Família Programme for Long-Term Poverty Reduction

Jones¹

2016

Social Policy & Society

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Conditional cash transfers have come to play a prominent role in the social policy landscape in Latin America and especially in Brazil in recent years. Evaluations of their impacts, however, have focused on limited short-term outcomes, particularly consumption and school enrolment and attendance rates. Long-term outcomes have received comparatively little attention. This article reviews the existing evidence on the long-term impacts of CCTs, focusing on the underlying assumptions in the CCT model for intergenerational poverty reduction. In doing so, it questions the notion that CCTs can indeed interrupt the intergenerational cycle of poverty through human capital investments that are thought to lead to expanded opportunities in the labour market. Moreover, it highlights the need for more research on the social processes that may influence young beneficiaries’ life trajectories and experiences in poverty.

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Education and Inequality in Brazil

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Measuring Intra-Urban Inequality with Structural Equation Modeling: A Theory-Grounded Indicator

Measuring Intra-Urban Inequality with Structural Equation Modeling: A Theory-Grounded Indicator

The association between adolescent suicide rates and socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a 10-year retrospective ecological study

More Education, Better Jobs? A Critical Review of CCTs and Brazil's Bolsa Família Programme for Long-Term Poverty Reduction

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