“…Some of the examples are presented in (Abdullah et al, 2021 ; Cerezo et al, 2017 ; Lu et al, 2018 ; Mansouri et al, 2021 ; Shayan & van Zaanen, 2019 ), authors used students’ behaviors logs containing their interactions with the online content to assess their performance, while Ayouni et al ( 2021 ) and Hussain et al ( 2018 ) used it to measure students’ levels of engagement. (Chen & Cui, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Dass et al, 2021 ; Macarini et al, 2019 ) utilized features related to time spent on online materials to identify at-risk of failing students or the ones who are most likely to dropout. However, other authors (Adnan et al, 2021 ; Goel & Goyal, 2020 ; Karalar et al, 2021 ; Waheed et al, 2020 ; Yu et al, 2019 ) utilized behavioral data compromised in students' clickstreams data.…”