Educating on CS or 'tear gas'

Sivathasan, Niroshan

doi:10.1136/emj.2010.092676

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…CS reacts with the moisture on the mucous membranes and irritates the eyes, nose, mouth, skin, and respiratory tract. 1,2 In the presence of moisture, CS rapidly hydrolyzes to malononitrile and 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, which has acidic characteristics (p K a 2.9), and each of these then undergo further reaction to some additional acidic metabolites (Figure 1). 3 In addition, chlorine released from CS at high temperatures, while dispersing with pyrotechnic methods reacts with moisture on the mucous membranes producing hydrochloric acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure

Brvar

2015

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Objective: Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is the tear gas used by the police. The aim was to evaluate an amphoteric, hypertonic, and chelating rinsing solution in CS exposure. Methods: The first (CS) group of six police officers was exposed to CS only. The second (preexposure) group of eight sprayed their faces with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution before CS exposure. The third (postexposure) group of eight sprayed their faces with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution after CS exposure. The time between exiting the CS cloud and arriving at the “ready for action” checkpoint was measured. Their facial pain both inside the CS cloud and at the checkpoint was assessed (0–10 points). Results: The pain level inside the CS cloud was significantly lower in the preexposed group (5.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.01) than in the CS group (9.7 ± 0.5) and in the postexposure group (9.1 ± 0.4) where it was similar. The time interval between CS exposure and arrival at the checkpoint in the preexposure group (1:26 ± 0:44 min) was significantly shorter than both in the CS group (2:28 ± 0:25 min; p = 0.04) and postexposure group (2:30 ± 0:48 min; p = 0.02) where it was not different. The residual pain at the checkpoint in the preexposure (1.1 ± 0.4) and postexposure (1.4 ± 0.7) groups was similar with a significant lower pain level than in the CS group (2.3 ± 0.5; p = 0.02). Conclusion: CS decontamination with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution reduces facial pain, whereas prevention with it reduces pain and recovery time.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%