“…Although it is often described as a diverse, dynamic, and changing community comprising several distinct groups (Shomron 2022), certain beliefs and ways of life are shared by all of its members. These include strict adherence to religious principles, observance of God's commandments as they are interpreted in the Talmud and in later rabbinical literature according to the Ultra-Orthodox interpretation (Friedman and Hakak 2015;, and perception of Jewish law as pertaining to all aspects of life (Engelman et al 2020;Haller et al 2023). It has been suggested that Orthodoxy, and its Ultra-Orthodox offshoots, are movements based on a conservative reaction to the modernization and secularization crises as well as to the increasing prominence of liberal religious groups, most of all Reform Judaism, which have opposed traditional Jewish society since the turn of the nineteenth century (Katz 1992).…”