Editors' Introduction: Faces of HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse in Native American Communities

Saylors, Karen; Nelson, Jim; Plasencia, Ana Vanesa; Smith, Derek R.

doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10400515

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…AI/AN and Aboriginal peoples are over-represented among individuals who inject drugs or participate in high risk behaviors [46,104,114]. Factors that drive the participation in self-inflicted behaviors and the participation of these behaviors in the etiology of broken spirit diseases should be a concern for health policy advisors.…”

Section: Etiology Of Idumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is for these reasons, that a discussion on indigenous peoples in North America and diseases that are nurtured by trauma related behaviors, like HCV infection, needs to consider the history of colonization, including the impact of Indian policies, US Indian boarding schools and Canadian residential schools [114,119,120]. Aboriginal children experienced extensive psychological, sexual, physical and emotional abuses within those systems [121,122].…”

Section: Etiology Of Idumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis C Virus in American Indian/Alaskan Native and Aboriginal Peoples of North America

Rempel¹,

Uhanova²

2012

Viruses

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Liver diseases, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), are “broken spirit” diseases. The prevalence of HCV infection for American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) in the United States and Canadian Aboriginals varies; nonetheless, incidence rates of newly diagnosed HCV infection are typically higher relative to non-indigenous people. For AI/AN and Aboriginal peoples risk factors for the diagnosis of HCV can reflect that of the general population: predominately male, a history of injection drug use, in midlife years, with a connection with urban centers. However, the face of the indigenous HCV infected individual is becoming increasingly female and younger compared to non-indigenous counterparts. Epidemiology studies indicate that more effective clearance of acute HCV infection can occur for select Aboriginal populations, a phenomenon which may be linked to unique immune characteristics. For individuals progressing to chronic HCV infection treatment outcomes are comparable to other racial cohorts. Disease progression, however, is propelled by elevated rates of co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes and alcohol use, along with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection relative to non-indigenous patients. Historical and personal trauma has a major role in the participation of high risk behaviors and associated diseases. Although emerging treatments provide hope, combating HCV related morbidity and mortality will require interventions that address the etiology of broken spirit diseases.

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Section: Etiology Of Idumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiology Of Idumentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Virus in American Indian/Alaskan Native and Aboriginal Peoples of North America

Rempel¹,

Uhanova²

2012

Viruses

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Death Rates From Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Among American Indians/Alaska Natives in the United States, 1990–2009

Reilley

Bloss²,

Byrd³

et al. 2014

Am J Public Health

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Objectives. We used race-corrected data and comprehensive diagnostic codes to better compare HIV and tuberculosis (TB) mortality from 1999 to 2009 between American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites. Methods. National Vital Statistics Surveillance System mortality data were adjusted for AI/AN racial misclassification through linkage with Indian Health Service registration records. We compared average annual 1990 to 2009 HIV and TB death rates (per 100 000 people) for AI/AN persons with those for Whites; Hispanics were excluded. Results. Although death rates from HIV in AI/AN persons were significantly lower than those in Whites from 1990 to 1998 (4.2 vs 7.0), they were significantly higher than those in Whites from 1999 to 2009 (3.6 vs 2.0). Death rates from TB in AI/AN persons were significantly higher than those in Whites, with a significant disparity during both 1990 to 1998 (3.3 vs 0.3) and 1999 to 2009 (1.5 vs 0.1). Conclusions. The decrease in death rates from HIV and TB was greater among Whites, and death rates remained significantly higher among AI/AN individuals. Public health interventions need to be prioritized to reduce the TB and HIV burden and mortality in AI/AN populations.

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Pharmacogenomics of CYP3A : Considerations for HIV Treatment

Lakhman¹,

Morse

2009

Pharmacogenomics

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The understanding of the cytochrome P450 3A SNP in antiretroviral therapy is important, because it is highly inducible, extremely polymorphic and metabolizes many of the drugs that are key components of highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens. This enzyme is prolific and promiscuous towards drug and xenobiotic substrate selection and it is also unpredictable among individuals, having a 5- to 20-fold variability in its ability to contribute to drug clearance. The importance of human CYP3A pharmacogenetics is also gaining attention in other established areas of pharmacotherapy as it may contribute to the goal of predicting efficacy and/or toxicity, specifically with the discovery of null allele CYP3A4*20. This review summarizes the current understanding, implications of genetic variation in the CYP3A enzymes, the central role of CYP3A in linking human genetics, the pharmacokinetics and resulting pharmacodynamic responses to certain antiretroviral drugs, and their eventual place in applied clinical pharmacotherapy.

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Editors' Introduction: Faces of HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse in Native American Communities

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Hepatitis C Virus in American Indian/Alaskan Native and Aboriginal Peoples of North America

Hepatitis C Virus in American Indian/Alaskan Native and Aboriginal Peoples of North America

Death Rates From Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Among American Indians/Alaska Natives in the United States, 1990–2009

Pharmacogenomics of CYP3A : Considerations for HIV Treatment

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