Editorial: Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines

Subiza, José Luis; Palomares, Óscar; Quinti, Isabella; Sánchez-Ramón, Silvia

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716296

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, trained immunity can be represented by augmented (training) or suppressed (tolerance) innate immune responses ( 24 ). Trained immunity-based vaccines offer several advantages such as broader non-specific protection against different pathogens based on trained innate immune cells and intrinsic adjuvant that elicit augmented adaptive immune responses to their own antigens and to the bystander antigens as well ( 25 ). Recently, trained immunity has been demonstrated in porcine monocytes in vitro ( 26 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-D-glucan-based vaccine adjuvants: Current status and future perspectives

et al. 2022

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Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used as efficient vaccine antigen-delivery platforms and vaccine adjuvants. Alpha (α)-D-glucans are polysaccharide polymers found in plants, animals, and microbes. Phytoglycogen (PG) is a densely branched dendrimer-like α-D-glucan that forms nanoparticle structures. Two simple chemical modifications of corn-derived PG create positively charged, amphiphilic nanoparticles, known as Nano-11, that stimulate immune responses when used as vaccine adjuvant in a variety of species. Nano-11 is a versatile adjuvant that can be used for alternative routes of vaccination and in combination with other immunostimulatory molecules. This review discusses our current understanding of the mechanism of action of Nano-11 and its future potential applications in animal vaccines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-D-glucan-based vaccine adjuvants: Current status and future perspectives

et al. 2022

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“…Others have extensively discussed the modulation of innate immunity and the use of trained immunity to improve protection against certain pathogens, allergies, autoimmune diseases and cancers [10][11][12]179]. A few groups have proposed the use of trained immunity-based vaccines (TIvB) to protect hosts against a wide spectrum of pathogens by inducing anamnestic innate immunity through epigenetic changes in both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear myeloid cells [180][181][182][183]. These TIvB could be administered as a stand-alone vaccine or as an adjuvant to current vaccines designed to protect hosts against specific pathogens [184,185].…”

Section: Vaccines: In Pursuit Of Perfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits

Arunachalam

2024

Vaccines

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The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. The immune system is triggered mostly by infections, allergens, or medical interventions such as vaccination. This review examines how these immune triggers differ and why certain infections may dysregulate immune homeostasis, leading to inflammatory or allergic pathology and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. However, many vaccines generate an optimal immune response and protect against the consequences of pathogen-induced immunological aggressiveness, and from a small number of unrelated pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Here, we propose an “immuno-wave” model describing a vaccine-induced “Goldilocks immunity”, which leaves fine imprints of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory milieus, derived from both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system, in the body. The resulting balanced, ‘quiet alert’ state of the immune system may provide a jump-start in the defense against pathogens and any associated pathological inflammatory or allergic responses, allowing vaccines to go above and beyond their call of duty. In closing, we recommend formally investigating and reaping many of the secondary benefits of vaccines with appropriate clinical studies.

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“…Via simultaneous measurement of the surface, intracellular markers, and cytokines/chemokines using flow cytometry or enzyme linked immunoSPOT (ELISPOT) assays, we can determine changes in phenotype, activation statuses, and differentiation stages of T and B lymphocytes, leading to the determination of novel correlates of protection [51]. Furthermore, the host innate immune system exhibits a unique type of memory, known as trained immunity, which is characterized by a relatively long-term adaptation mediated by steady epigenetic alterations and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells [52,53]. Research efforts should tap the immense potential of trained immunity leading to the rational vaccine design strategies against evolving pathogens.…”

Section: Phenotypes Of Ivmohoid and Maeloid Cells T-helper/memory Cel...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Efficacy of a Split Swine Influenza A Virus Nasal Vaccine Formulated with a Nanoparticle/STING Agonist Combination Adjuvant in Conventional Pigs

Patil,

Hernandez-Franco,

Yadagiri

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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Swine influenza A viruses (SwIAVs) are pathogens of both veterinary and medical significance. Intranasal (IN) vaccination has the potential to reduce flu infection. We investigated the efficacy of split SwIAV H1N2 antigens adsorbed with a plant origin nanoparticle adjuvant [Nano11–SwIAV] or in combination with a STING agonist ADU-S100 [NanoS100–SwIAV]. Conventional pigs were vaccinated via IN and challenged with a heterologous SwIAV H1N1-OH7 or 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. Immunologically, in NanoS100–SwIAV vaccinates, we observed enhanced frequencies of activated monocytes in the blood of the pandemic virus challenged animals and in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) of H1N1-OH7 challenged animals. In both groups of the virus challenged pigs, increased frequencies of IL-17A+ and CD49d+IL-17A+ cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed in Nano11–SwIAV vaccinates in the draining TBLN. Enhanced frequency of CD49d+IFNγ+ CTLs in the TBLN and blood of both the Nano11-based SwIAV vaccinates was observed. Animals vaccinated with both Nano11-based vaccines had upregulated cross-reactive secretory IgA in the lungs and serum IgG against heterologous and heterosubtypic viruses. However, in NanoS100–SwIAV vaccinates, a slight early reduction in the H1N1 pandemic virus and a late reduction in the SwIAV H1N1-OH7 load in the nasal passages were detected. Hence, despite vast genetic differences between the vaccine and both the challenge viruses, IN vaccination with NanoS100–SwIAV induced antigen-specific moderate levels of cross-protective immune responses.

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Editorial: Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Alpha-D-glucan-based vaccine adjuvants: Current status and future perspectives

Alpha-D-glucan-based vaccine adjuvants: Current status and future perspectives

Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits

Characterization of the Efficacy of a Split Swine Influenza A Virus Nasal Vaccine Formulated with a Nanoparticle/STING Agonist Combination Adjuvant in Conventional Pigs

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