Editorial section international committee for characterization and terminology of carbon—first publication of five further tentative definitions

Donnet, J. B.; Fitzer, E.; Köchling, K.-H.

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(87)90020-0

Cited by 6 publications

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“…strength on length. The fibres considered in this study are high strength carbon fibres, denoted HT carbon fibres according to Donnet et al [6], based on polyacrylonitrile. As an example, the value of the fibre tensile strength at a given critical length, experimentally determined in a previous study [7], is estimated in each case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the estimation of the tensile strength of carbon fibres at short lengths

et al. 1989

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Generally, to determine the fibre-matrix interfacial properties in fibre reinforced plastics, it is necessary to know the tensile strength of the fibre at very short lengths, for which direct measurements are not possible. Accordingly, in this study, the determination of the tensile strength of high strength carbon fibres and their gauge length dependence are analysed by means of the Weibull model. The influence of the estimator chosen and of the sample size on the calculated value of the tensile strength of the fibre are first determined. Secondly, the accuracy of the three-and the two-parameter Weibull distributions is examined. Finally, it is shown that the most appropriate extrapolation at short length is performed by means of a linear logarithmic dependence on gauge length of the tensile strength. This method seems to be valid for untreated as well as for surface-treated high strength carbon fibres.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the estimation of the tensile strength of carbon fibres at short lengths

et al. 1989

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“…It is, however, symptomatic of the nomenclature confusion existing even in the peer-reviewed literature that the most authoritative reference regarding these issues [6] has been cited in only 15 subsequent papers (according to the Science Citation Index ). Earlier versions of the "recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid" [12][13][14][15][16][17] fared even worse. There is no question that an update on the terminology for the various carbon structures is long overdue, especially after the discovery of fullerenes and nanotubes, and also because of the tremendous popularity of nanomaterials.…”

Section: Macrostructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview

Radović

2008

Carbon Materials for Catalysis

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Carbon, Structure, Terminology, and History

Long¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Elemental carbon, atomic number six in the periodic table, at wt 12.011, occurs naturally throughout the world in either its crystalline (more ordered) or amorphous (less ordered) form. Carbonaceous materials such as soot or charcoal are examples of the amorphous form, whereas graphite and diamond are crystalline. Carbon atoms bond with other carbon atoms as well as with other elements, principally hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, to form carbon compounds, which are the subject of organic chemistry. The manufactured form of carbon and graphite is discussed within this article. In their many varying manufactured forms, carbon and graphite can exhibit a wide range of electrical, thermal, and chemical properties that are controlled by the selection of raw materials and thermal processing during manufacture. There are two allotropes of carbon: diamond and graphite. The diamond, or isotropic form, has a crystal structure that is face‐centered cubic with interatomic distances of 0.154 nm. Each atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in the form of a tetrahedron. The nature of the bonding explains the differences in properties of the two allotropic forms. The hardness of diamond is derived from the regular three‐dimensional network of σ‐bonds. Graphite, or the anisotropic form, has a structure that is composed of infinite layers of carbon atoms arranged in the form of hexagons lying in planes. The electronic ground state of carbon is 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 2 . In diamond, the 2 s and 2 p electrons mix to form four equivalent covalent σ‐bonds. In graphite, three of the four electrons form strong covalent π‐bonds with the adjacent in‐plane carbon atoms. The fourth electron forms a less strong bond between the planes. A wide variety and range of bulk carbon forms are available within the industry. In general, commercial forms are loosely characterized as carbon or graphite, but they are distinctly different. The term manufactured carbon refers to a bonded granular carbon body whose matrix has been subjected to a temperature typically between 900 and 2400°C. Manufactured graphite refers to a bonded granular carbon body whose matrix has been subjected to a temperature typically in excess of 2400°C. Natural graphite has been known since the Middle Ages, but carbon was first fabricated by H. Davy in his experiments on the electric arc in the early 1800s. The manufacture of artificial graphite came about only at the end of the nineteenth century, preceded by developments in the fabrication of electrodes. The electric resistance furnace enabled the reaching of approximately 3000°C, the temperature necessary for graphitization. A new application for graphite, its use by E. Fermi in the first self‐sustaining nuclear reaction, was followed by new fields of research and new markets opened by development of the aerospace industries, including the use of carbon and graphite fibers in composite materials.

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Editorial section international committee for characterization and terminology of carbon—first publication of five further tentative definitions

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

On the estimation of the tensile strength of carbon fibres at short lengths

On the estimation of the tensile strength of carbon fibres at short lengths

Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview

Carbon, Structure, Terminology, and History

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