Editorial On “Exosomes, Their Biogenesis and Role in Inter-Cellular Communication, Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy”

Golubovskaya, Vita M.; Bukrinsky, Michael; Grizzi, Fabio

doi:10.3390/vaccines8030421

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…And then exosomes are subsequently internalized by recipient cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, or fusion with the cell membrane, resulting in the direct release of their cargo into the cytoplasm and allowing for the transmission of molecular signals that alter the function and phenotype of recipient cells ( 22 ). Exosomes are novel transmitters of intercellular signaling, forming a complex multicomponent communication network in the TME ( 23 ). The functional status of immune cells in the TME is a key factor that affects their ability to induce an immune response and is a critical link in tumor development.…”

Section: Exosome Discovery and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An emerging research: the role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment

Xu,

Lin,

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary malignancy of the liver, is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death and is associated with a poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC comprises immune, immunosuppressive, and interstitial cells with hypoxic, angiogenic, metabolic reprogramming, inflammatory, and immunosuppressive features. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that secrete biologically active signaling molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), microribonucleic acid (miRNA), proteins, and lipids. These signaling molecules act as messengers in the tumor microenvironment, especially the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Exosomal circRNAs reshape the tumor microenvironment by prompting hypoxic stress response, stimulating angiogenesis, contributing to metabolic reprogramming, facilitating inflammatory changes in the HCC cells and inducing tumor immunosuppression. The exosomes secreted by HCC cells carry circRNA into immune cells, which intervene in the activation of immune cells and promote the overexpression of immune checkpoints to regulate immune response, leading tumor cells to acquire immunosuppressive properties. Furthermore, immunosuppression is the final result of a combination of TME-related factors, including hypoxia, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and inflammation changes. In conclusion, exosomal circRNA accelerates the tumor progression by adjusting the phenotype of the tumor microenvironment and ultimately forming an immunosuppressive microenvironment. HCC-derived exosomal circRNA can affect HCC cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and induction of chemoresistance. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the composition and function of these exosomes, the role that HCC-derived exosomal circRNAs play in microenvironment formation, and the interactions between exosomes and immune cells. This review outlines the role of exosomal circRNAs in the malignant phenotype of HCC and provides a preliminary exploration of the clinical utility of exosomal circRNAs.

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Section: Exosome Discovery and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An emerging research: the role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment

Xu,

Lin,

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) is an enzyme limiting ceramide biosynthesis, and its inhibition by ceramides affects exosomal release [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Exosomes are secreted into the surrounding microenvironment and blood as well as in many body fluids (saliva, breast milk, semen, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid and sputum) [ 24 , 25 ]. Exosomes and exomeres vary in their lipid composition, and different molecular bioactive molecules have been found through omic analyses.…”

Section: The Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes and Cell Communication: From Tumour-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumour Progression to the Use of Exosomal Cargo for Cancer Treatment

Nicolini

Biava

2021

Cancers

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Exosomes are nano-vesicle-shaped particles secreted by various cells, including cancer cells. Recently, the interest in exosomes among cancer researchers has grown enormously for their many potential roles, and many studies have focused on the bioactive molecules that they export as exosomal cargo. These molecules can function as biomarkers in diagnosis or play a relevant role in modulating the immune system and in promoting apoptosis, cancer development and progression. Others, considering exosomes potentially helpful for cancer treatment, have started to investigate them in experimental therapeutic trials. In this review, first, the biogenesis of exosomes and their main characteristics was briefly described. Then, the capability of tumour-derived exosomes and oncosomes in tumour microenvironments (TMEs) remodelling and pre-metastatic niche formation, as well as their interference with the immune system during cancer development, was examined. Finally, the potential role of exosomes for cancer therapy was discussed. Particularly, in addition, their use as carriers of natural substances and drugs with anticancer properties or carriers of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and anticancer vaccines for immunotherapy, exosomes as biological reprogrammers of cancer cells have gained increased consensus. The principal aspects and the rationale of this intriguing therapeutic proposal are briefly considered.

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Exosomal RNA in cancer progression

Chaudhuri,

Chakraborty

2024

Exosomal RNA

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Editorial On “Exosomes, Their Biogenesis and Role in Inter-Cellular Communication, Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy”

Abstract: The term “Exosomes” defines small extracellular vesicles, ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, secreted by most eukaryotic cells into surrounding body fluids including blood, saliva, urine, bile and breast milk [...]

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

An emerging research: the role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment

An emerging research: the role of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal circRNAs in the immune microenvironment

Exosomes and Cell Communication: From Tumour-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumour Progression to the Use of Exosomal Cargo for Cancer Treatment

Exosomal RNA in cancer progression

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