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Hydrothermal process from a pure geologic science has now become one of the fast-emerging processing technologies to synthesize nanomaterials in the laboratory. Today it is an advanced technological tool, which facilitates to obtain nanomaterials and nanoparticles with desired size, shape, quality and functionality. In fact, hydrothermal technique has its bearing on the nature-inspired or geo-mimetic processes that are being employed extensively in the laboratory. The natural hydrothermal processes are acting ever since earth came into existence, and leading to the formation of a large variety of minerals, rocks and ores. Earth is a blue planet of the universe, where water is a major component which plays an important role in the formation of geological materials and hydrothermal circulation has always assisted by bacteria, photochemical and other related activities. The synthesis of advanced technological materials often occurs in the presence of biomolecules, proteins, organic ligands, DNA and amino acids. An understanding of nanogeoscience is becoming very relevant in the current context and is crossing into almost all the branches of geology including palaeoecology, mineralogy, environmental geology, energy geology, geochemistry, etc. Similarly, the hydrothermal processes in nature cover several branches of geology whether it is the origin of ores, minerals, rocks, but also life on the earth. In the present review, the authors discuss all the above aspects in detail with a future perspective of the field. Also, the authors have described the evolution of hydrothermal process from pure geology to the nanotechnology, nanogeoscience, nano-geopolymers, etc., with specific examples and depicted its relevance to the geologic science.
Hydrothermal process from a pure geologic science has now become one of the fast-emerging processing technologies to synthesize nanomaterials in the laboratory. Today it is an advanced technological tool, which facilitates to obtain nanomaterials and nanoparticles with desired size, shape, quality and functionality. In fact, hydrothermal technique has its bearing on the nature-inspired or geo-mimetic processes that are being employed extensively in the laboratory. The natural hydrothermal processes are acting ever since earth came into existence, and leading to the formation of a large variety of minerals, rocks and ores. Earth is a blue planet of the universe, where water is a major component which plays an important role in the formation of geological materials and hydrothermal circulation has always assisted by bacteria, photochemical and other related activities. The synthesis of advanced technological materials often occurs in the presence of biomolecules, proteins, organic ligands, DNA and amino acids. An understanding of nanogeoscience is becoming very relevant in the current context and is crossing into almost all the branches of geology including palaeoecology, mineralogy, environmental geology, energy geology, geochemistry, etc. Similarly, the hydrothermal processes in nature cover several branches of geology whether it is the origin of ores, minerals, rocks, but also life on the earth. In the present review, the authors discuss all the above aspects in detail with a future perspective of the field. Also, the authors have described the evolution of hydrothermal process from pure geology to the nanotechnology, nanogeoscience, nano-geopolymers, etc., with specific examples and depicted its relevance to the geologic science.
Metal allergy is a common disease that afflicts many people. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying metal allergy development has not been completely elucidated. Metal nanoparticles might be involved in the development of a metal allergy, but the associated details are unknown. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and allergenicity of nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs) compared with those of nickel microparticles (Ni-MPs) and nickel ions. After characterizing each particle, the particles were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline and sonicated to prepare a dispersion. We assumed the presence of nickel ions for each particle dispersion and positive control and orally administered nickel chloride to BALB/c mice repeatedly for 28 days. Results showed that compared with those in the Ni-MP administration group (MP group), the Ni-NP administration group (NP group) showed intestinal epithelial tissue damage, elevated serum interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-1β levels, and higher nickel accumulation in the liver and kidney. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the accumulation of Ni-NPs in the livers of both the NP and nickel ion administration groups. Furthermore, we intraperitoneally administered a mixed solution of each particle dispersion and lipopolysaccharide to mice and then intradermally administered nickel chloride solution to the auricle after 7 days. Swelling of the auricle was observed in both the NP and MP groups, and an allergic reaction to nickel was induced. Particularly in the NP group, significant lymphocytic infiltration into the auricular tissue was observed, and serum IL-6 and IL-17 levels were increased. The results of this study showed that in mice, Ni-NP accumulation in each tissue was increased after oral administration and toxicity was enhanced, as compared to those with Ni-MPs. Orally administered nickel ions transformed into nanoparticles with a crystalline structure and accumulated in tissues. Furthermore, Ni-NPs and Ni-MPs induced sensitization and nickel allergy reactions in the same manner as that with nickel ions, but Ni-NPs induced stronger sensitization. Additionally, the involvement of Th17 cells was suspected in Ni-NP-induced toxicity and allergic reactions. In conclusion, oral exposure to Ni-NPs results in more serious biotoxicity and accumulation in tissues than Ni-MPs, suggesting that the probability of developing an allergy might increase.
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