Abstract:Sham controlled randomized controlled trials attempt to isolate the beneficial health effects of orthopaedic surgery from benefits due to patients' belief in surgery. The physiological effects of sham surgery, genetic variations that influence responsiveness to placebo, cultural, and geographic influences confound results of these trials. There is a need for high methodological standard for sham-controlled trials as there is potential for direct patient harm and indirect harm from misinformation generated from… Show more
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