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Traditions of Russian fundamental and applied life sciences go back to the last third of the nineteenth century, the reign of "Tzar-Liberator" Alexander II. Basic scientific schools in organic chemistry and life sciences appeared in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev, and Warshaw. Since then, Russian bioscience and biotechnology has experienced rises and falls together with the whole country.In the beginning of 1860s the founder of Russian organic chemistry A. M. Butlerov first described formation of sweet syrup from formaldehyde. Several perfect schools of plant physiology appeared in Russia between 1860 and 1914. Famintsyn and Baranetskii first isolated symbiotic green alga from lichen, Borodin first described crystals of chlorophyll in microscopic leaf slices. In 1892 Ivanovsky described the ability of a causative agent of tobacco mosaic to pass through a bacterial porcelain filter. Six years later, M. W. Beijerinck gave this invisible infective agent its present name "virus". In 1902 Ivanovsky first described the crystals of viral particles in cells of infected tobacco leaves and together with Beijerinck gave birth to the new and one of the most cited scientific areas, virology. In 1899 Korzhinskii formulated a mutational theory of evolution in his work "Heterogenesis and evolution:On the theory of origin of species", which was independently published by H. de Vries in 1901. Separation of plant photosynthetic pigments was made in 1906 by Tsvett, the father of modern chromatographic methods and author of the terms "chromatography" and "carotenoid". The Moscow Agricultural Academy was founded as early as in 1872 by Timiriazev, and in 1902 Palladin published his famous textbook "Plant Physiology", which had seen 7 reprints in Russia, France, Germany, and the USA.Russian
Traditions of Russian fundamental and applied life sciences go back to the last third of the nineteenth century, the reign of "Tzar-Liberator" Alexander II. Basic scientific schools in organic chemistry and life sciences appeared in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev, and Warshaw. Since then, Russian bioscience and biotechnology has experienced rises and falls together with the whole country.In the beginning of 1860s the founder of Russian organic chemistry A. M. Butlerov first described formation of sweet syrup from formaldehyde. Several perfect schools of plant physiology appeared in Russia between 1860 and 1914. Famintsyn and Baranetskii first isolated symbiotic green alga from lichen, Borodin first described crystals of chlorophyll in microscopic leaf slices. In 1892 Ivanovsky described the ability of a causative agent of tobacco mosaic to pass through a bacterial porcelain filter. Six years later, M. W. Beijerinck gave this invisible infective agent its present name "virus". In 1902 Ivanovsky first described the crystals of viral particles in cells of infected tobacco leaves and together with Beijerinck gave birth to the new and one of the most cited scientific areas, virology. In 1899 Korzhinskii formulated a mutational theory of evolution in his work "Heterogenesis and evolution:On the theory of origin of species", which was independently published by H. de Vries in 1901. Separation of plant photosynthetic pigments was made in 1906 by Tsvett, the father of modern chromatographic methods and author of the terms "chromatography" and "carotenoid". The Moscow Agricultural Academy was founded as early as in 1872 by Timiriazev, and in 1902 Palladin published his famous textbook "Plant Physiology", which had seen 7 reprints in Russia, France, Germany, and the USA.Russian
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