“…Policy failure is perhaps most evident in the designation of 2˚C as an acceptable target for global warming, associated by the UNFCCC with stabilising GHGs at 450 part per million (ppm) CO 2 equivalent, a level which has in fact already been exceeded. 1 Response now means substantive adaptation (Shockley and Light 2014), and that raises issues of compensation for those having costs imposed upon them including dislocation (Light and Taraska 2014). Things have moved much faster than many scientists, or environmentalists, expected.…”