Editorial: A Review of Self-Processing Biases in Cognition

Cunningham, Sheila J.; Turk, David J.

doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1276609

Cited by 76 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The present findings of modulation of an incidental SRE by different encoding contexts join other findings showing modulation of various Bself biases^by contextual factors (for review, see Cunningham & Turk, 2017), for instance, elimination of perceptual processing benefits for self-associated over other-associated geometric shapes by task instructions (Lui & Sui, 2016) or attenuation of one's tendency to view oneself in a positive light by experimentally-priming a cultural value of Bmodesty^ (Shi, Sedikides, Cai, Liu, & Yang, 2017). A fuller understanding of how the self influences cognition awaits further research exploring how contextual factors affect the dynamic interplay between the psychological/neural mechanisms involved in self-related processing and those supporting attentional selection and executive control processes (e.g., A.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Merely presenting one’s own name along with target items is insufficient to produce a memory advantage for the items: A critical role of relational processing

et al. 2018

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Using the self as a reference point at encoding produces a memory advantage over other types of encoding activities. Even simply co-presenting a target item with self-relevant versus other-relevant information can produce an "incidental" self-memory advantage in the absence of any explicit task demand to evaluate the item's self-relevancy. In the present study, we asked whether an incidental self-memory advantage results from (a) the mere co-presentation of a target item with self-relevant information at encoding or (b) relational processing between a target item and self-relevant information at encoding. During incidental encoding, words were presented in two different colors either above or below a name (the participant's own or another person's). Participants judged either the location of each word in relation to the name ("Is the word above or below the name?") or the color of each word to which the name had no relevance ("Is the word in red or green?"). In a subsequent memory test, we found a self-memory advantage for both items and their associated source features in the location judgment task but not in the color judgment task. Our findings show that a memory advantage for a target item presented with self-relevant versus other-relevant information is more likely when a task agenda places, via relational processing demands, the self-relevant/other-relevant information in the focus of attention along with the target item. Potential processes that mediate this attention-dependent effect are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Merely presenting one’s own name along with target items is insufficient to produce a memory advantage for the items: A critical role of relational processing

et al. 2018

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“…The SRE is thought to arise from organization and elaboration of the trait word within a rich body of existing semantic and autobiographical self‐knowledge (Klein, ; Symons & Johnson, ). The SRE may also arise from preferential encoding (Cunningham & Turk, ; Turk, Cunningham, & Macrae, ), since self‐relevant cues in the environment are likely to capture attention (Bargh, ; Brédart, Delchambre, & Laureys, ). These attentional, elaborative, and organizational explanations of the SRE are entirely consistent with the multifaceted role of self described in Conway's SMS (Conway, ; Conway & Pleydell‐Pearce, ).…”

Section: Early Autobiographical Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Me in Memory: The Role of the Self in Autobiographical Memory Development

2019

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This article tests the hypothesis that self‐development plays a role in the offset of childhood amnesia; assessing the importance of both the capacity to anchor a memory to the self‐concept, and the strength of the self‐concept as an anchor. This research demonstrates for the first time that the volume of 3‐ to 6‐year old's specific autobiographical memories is predicted by both the volume of their self‐knowledge, and their capacity for self‐source monitoring within self‐referencing paradigms (N = 186). Moreover, there is a bidirectional relation between self and memory, such that autobiographical memory mediates the link between self‐source monitoring and self‐knowledge. These predictive relations suggest that the self‐memory system is active in early childhood.

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“…Likewise, objects that belong to oneself (or are imagined to belong to oneself) are more reliably recalled/recognized than objects that belong to others (an “ownership effect”); in an ownership paradigm, participants observe objects being placed in two locations, and are told that all the items in one location are “owned” by them and all the items in the other location are “owned” by another person. Subsequent memory is reliably superior for self‐owned than other‐owned items [e.g., Cunningham, Turk, MacDonald, & Macrae, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of studies, such as Sui et al's, is captured by Cunningham and Turk [2017, pp. 992–993] when they argue that, “‘New wave’ methodologies, such as Cunningham et al's [] ownership paradigm and Sui et al's [] shape association task, have allowed the exploration of the self's influence on cognition to move beyond memory effects to a striking array of automatic self‐processing biases.”…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Self‐Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits

2017

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Memory for (and perception of) information about the self is superior to memory for (and perception of) other kinds of information. This self‐reference effect (SRE) in memory appears diminished in ASD and related to the number of ASD traits manifested by neurotypical individuals (fewer traits = larger SRE). Here, we report the first experiments exploring the relation between ASD and the SRE in perception. Using a “Shapes” Task (Sui et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 1105, 2012), participants learned to associate three different shapes (triangle, circle, square) with three different labels representing self, a familiar other, or an unfamiliar other (e.g., “you”, “mother”, “stranger”). Participants then completed trials during which they were presented with one shape and one label for 100 ms, and made judgments about whether the shape and label was a match. In Experiment 1, neurotypical participants (n = 124) showed the expected SRE, detecting self‐related matches more reliably and quickly than matches involving familiar or unfamiliar other. Most important, number of ASD traits was unrelated to the size of the SRE for either accuracy or RT. Bayesian association analyses strongly supported the null hypothesis. In Experiment 2, there were no differences between 22 adults with ASD and 21 matched comparison adults in performance on the Shapes Task. Despite showing large and significant theory of mind impairments, participants with ASD showed the typical SRE and there were no associations with ASD traits in either group. In every case, Bayesian analyses favored the null hypothesis. These findings challenge theories about self‐representation in ASD, as discussed in the article. Autism Res 2018, 11: 331–341. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryNeurotypical people tend to find it easier to perceive and remember information that relates to themselves than information that relates to others. Research suggests that people with ASD show a diminished (or absent) self‐bias in memory and that severity of ASD predicts the extent of this diminution (more severe ASD = smaller self‐bias in memory). However, the current research suggests strongly that people with ASD do show a self‐bias in their perception. This research informs our understanding of psychological functioning in ASD and challenges theories regarding self‐awareness in this disorder.

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Editorial: A Review of Self-Processing Biases in Cognition

Cited by 76 publications

References 73 publications

Merely presenting one’s own name along with target items is insufficient to produce a memory advantage for the items: A critical role of relational processing

Merely presenting one’s own name along with target items is insufficient to produce a memory advantage for the items: A critical role of relational processing

The Me in Memory: The Role of the Self in Autobiographical Memory Development

The Self‐Reference Effect on Perception: Undiminished in Adults with Autism and No Relation to Autism Traits

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