Edible mycorrhizal fungi of the world: What is their role in forest sustainability, food security, biocultural conservation and climate change?

Pérez‐Moreno, Jesús; Guerin‐Laguette, Alexis; Rinaldi, Andrea C.; Yu, Fuqiang; Verbeken, Annemieke; Hernández‐Santiago, Faustino; Martínez‐Reyes, Magdalena

doi:10.1002/ppp3.10199

Cited by 50 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…The harvest, use, and trade in wild fungi supports diverse Sustainable Development Goals and provides key provisioning ecosystem services such as food (SDG 2), medicines (SDG 3), and livelihoods (SDGs 1, 8, and 12; Figure 2) (Boa, 2008; Pérez‐Moreno et al., 2021a,b; Román et al., 2006). Globally, more than 2180 species of wild fungi are used for food (Li et al., 2021).…”

Section: Benefits Provided By Wild Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of international trade in these species has been steadily increasing over the last 15 years, such that in 2019, it involved 134 countries and a trade value of over 5.2 billion US dollars (UN Comtrade Dataset) (de Frutos, 2020). The level of wild fungi use and trade varies widely by region, in some places representing the seasonal primary livelihood for rural people (Pérez‐Moreno et al., 2021a,b). It can be especially crucial for groups such as the elderly, the poor, and women, who may have few other livelihood options (Bonet et al., 2014).…”

Section: Benefits Provided By Wild Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild fungi support economic activities and livelihoods, and supply cultural services, nutritious food, and vital medicinal ingredients (Boa, 2008; Fukushima et al., 2020; Román et al., 2006) (Figure 1). As such, the lack of knowledge of the extent and sustainability of the harvest, use and trade in wild fungi impacts our ability to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals, especially in rural areas (Bonet et al., 2014; Pérez‐Moreno et al., 2021a; Pérez‐Moreno et al., 2021b; Román et al., 2006; Tibuhwa, 2013). A world where biodiversity is valued, conserved, and delivers benefits essential for all people cannot be realized if wild fungi are not included.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A way forward for wild fungi in international sustainability policy

Oyanedel

Hinsley

Dentinger

et al. 2022

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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A series of international sustainability policies currently in negotiation will shape biodiversity conservation for decades to come. However, discussions of current sustainability policy have a huge blind spot: the absence of Fungi, one of the eukaryotic Kingdoms. Wild fungi are a key component of natural ecosystems (e.g., through parasitic symbiosis), maintain soil fertility by decomposing organic matter, and facilitate uptake of water and nutrients through mycorrhizal association with plant roots, enhancing carbon sequestration. Moreover, the harvest, use, and trade of wild fungi are essential economic and cultural activities, supporting livelihoods and providing food and medicinal ingredients. Still, the sustainability of wild fungi use is hard to assess because there is a lack of attention from research, legislation, and society at large. Here, we present a way forward for including wild fungi in international sustainability policy. We layout four key steps to foster a much-needed policy and societal transformation: acknowledge the existence of Fungi as an independent Kingdom; tailor sustainability policy targets to include Fungi; implement comprehensive monitoring of wild fungi status and trends; and promote responsible use of wild fungi as a livelihood opportunity in rural areas. These steps can facilitate a transition toward better recognizing, valuing, and conserving the ecosystem services wild fungi provide.

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Section: Benefits Provided By Wild Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Benefits Provided By Wild Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A way forward for wild fungi in international sustainability policy

Oyanedel

Hinsley

Dentinger

et al. 2022

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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“…Basidiomycota play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems, with members belonging to important trophic modes such as the saprotrophs, pathogens, or ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) [3,4]. Dominant in forest ecosystems, EMF regulate plant health, nutrient exchange, and forest sustainability [5,6]. Many studies in recent years have demonstrated important microbial interactions during the process of EMF development and establishment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Compartmentalization of Microbial Community and Potential Metabolic Function in the Fruiting Body of Tricholoma matsutake

Liu

Pérez‐Moreno

Zhang

et al. 2021

JoF

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The uniquely compartmentalized fruiting body structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF) Tricholoma matsutake, is a hotspot of microbial habitation and interaction. However, microbial diversity within this microniche structure of the EMF is rarely investigated. Furthermore, there is limited information concerning microbiomes associated with sporomes belonging to the ubiquitous fungal phylum Basidiomycota, particularly with respect to fungus-EMF interactions. In this study, we conducted high throughput sequencing, using ITS (fungal) and 16S rRNA (bacterial) marker genes to characterize and compare fruiting body microbiomes in the outer (pileipellis and stipitipellis) and inner layers (pileum context, stipe context, and lamellae) of the fruiting body of T. matsutake. Our results show the number of unique bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the different compartments ranged from 410 to 499 and was more than double that of the shared/common OTUs (235). Micrococcales, Bacillales, Caulobacter, and Sphingomonas were the primary significant bacterial taxa within the different compartments of the dissected T. matsutake fruiting body. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance showed significant compartmental differences for both the bacterial and the fungal community structure within the T. matsutake fruiting body. The metabolic profiling revealed putative metabolisms (of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides) and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites to be highly enriched in outer layers; in the inner parts, the metabolisms of energy, cofactors, vitamins, and lipids were significantly higher. This study demonstrates for the first time the distinct compartmentalization of microbial communities and potential metabolic function profiles in the fruiting body of an economically important EMF T. matsutake.

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“…Some 56 species have been reported as regularly collected and eaten in at least 17 countries (e.g., several European countries, Russia, China, Central and South America, Africa), although these figures are probably underestimated because little information is available for the local consumption of many African species [19,26]. Indeed, a very recent account of edible mushrooms species at the global scale lists some 100 edible milkcaps [27]. Lactarius deliciosus, commonly called saffron milkcap, is particularly popular, especially in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation Status of Milkcaps (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae), with Notes on Poorly Known Species

et al. 2021

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Mycological conservation has finally come of age. The increasingly recognized crucial role played by fungi in ecosystem functioning has spurred a wave of attention toward the status of fungal populations across the world. Milkcaps (Lactarius and Lactifluus) are a large and widespread group of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes; besides their ecological relevance, many species of milkcaps are of socio-economic significance because of their edibility. We analysed the presence of milkcaps in fungal Red Lists worldwide, ending up with an impressive list of 265 species assessed in various threat categories. Lactarius species are disproportionally red-listed with respect to Lactifluus (241 versus 24 species). Two species of Lactarius (L. maruiaensis and L.ogasawarashimensis) are currently considered extinct, and four more are regionally extinct; furthermore, 37 species are critically endangered at least in part of their distribution range. Several problems with the red-listing of milkcaps have been identified in this study, which overall originate from a poor understanding of the assessed species. Wrong or outdated nomenclature has been applied in many instances, and European names have been largely used to indicate taxa occurring in North America and Asia, sometimes without any supporting evidence. Moreover, several rarely recorded and poorly known species, for which virtually no data exist, have been included in Red Lists in some instances. We stress the importance of a detailed study of the species of milkcaps earmarked for insertion in Red Lists, either at national or international level, in order to avoid diminishing the value of this important conservation tool.

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Edible mycorrhizal fungi of the world: What is their role in forest sustainability, food security, biocultural conservation and climate change?

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 50 publications

References 94 publications

A way forward for wild fungi in international sustainability policy

A way forward for wild fungi in international sustainability policy

Distinct Compartmentalization of Microbial Community and Potential Metabolic Function in the Fruiting Body of Tricholoma matsutake

Conservation Status of Milkcaps (Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae), with Notes on Poorly Known Species

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