Edible mushrooms as potential functional foods in amelioration of hypertension

Abstract

Edible mushrooms are popular functional foods attributed to their rich nutritional bioactive constituent profile influencing cardiovascular function. Edible mushrooms are omnipresent in various prescribed Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean diet, and fortified meal plans as they are rich in amino acids, dietary fiber, proteins, sterols, vitamins, and minerals. However, without an understanding of the influence of mushroom bioactive constituents, mechanism of action on heart and allergenicity, it is difficult to fully comprehend the role of mushrooms as dietary interventions in alleviating hypertension and other cardiovascular malfunctions. To accomplish this endeavor, we chose to review edible mushrooms and their bioactive constituents in ameliorating hypertension. Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are interrelated and if the former is managed by dietary changes, it is postulated that overall heart health could also be improved. With a concise note on different edible varieties of mushrooms, a particular focus is presented on the antihypertensive potential of mushroom bioactive constituents, mode of action, absorption kinetics and bioavailability. Ergosterol, lovastatin, cordycepin, tocopherols, chitosan, ergothioneine, γ-aminobutyric acid, quercetin, and eritadenine are described as essential bioactives with hypotensive effects. Finally, safety concerns on allergens and limitations of consuming edible mushrooms with special reference to chemical toxins and their postulated metabolites are highlighted. It is opined that the present review will redirect toxicologists to further investigate mushroom bioactives and allergens, thereby influencing dietary interventions for heart health.

Wild Mushrooms: A Hidden Treasure of Novel Bioactive Compounds

“…Although the mechanism of action/treatment of these bioactive compounds is still unknown, it may be related to changes in phospholipid metabolism, bile acid secretion, and LDL receptor expression [ 142 ]. The presence of chemicals in mushrooms that can alter cholesterol metabolism, absorption, and gene expression has also been noted in other investigations [ 141 , 143 ]. For example, Grifola frondosa , Hypsizigus marmoreus , and Pleurotus ostreatus extracts have been shown to alter the gene expression patterns in mouse livers [ 135 , 144 ].…”

“…The majority of mushrooms are known to produce several bioactive compounds that are employed as potential treatments for cardiovascular disorders [ 140 , 141 ]. Although the mechanism of action/treatment of these bioactive compounds is still unknown, it may be related to changes in phospholipid metabolism, bile acid secretion, and LDL receptor expression [ 142 ].…”

Characterization of Volatile Flavor Compounds and Aroma Active Components in Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) across Various Cooking Methods

“…In recent years, button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) has been widely studied for its flavor, high amino acid score, biological value and essential amino acid index, both in terms of medicinal and economic benefits [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Button mushrooms are typically not consumed raw but instead undergo various cooking methods such as frying, baking, steaming and boiling before being eaten.…”