Eddy current imaging with an atomic radio-frequency magnetometer

Wickenbrock, Arne; Leefer, N.; Blanchard, John W.; Budker, Dmitry

doi:10.1063/1.4948534

Cited by 64 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…At the same time, the strong light decreases the response of the magnetometer to static-field fluctuations (a flattened DC-field dependence), reducing influences of uncontrollable static fields. Eventually, it may lead to the AC-field detection in partially or even completely unshielded environment 26 .…”

Section: Bandwidth Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different sensitivities of two optical magnetometers realized in the same experimental arrangement

Put

Popiołek

Pustelny

2019

Sci Rep

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In this article, operation of optical magnetometers detecting static (DC) and oscillating (AC) magnetic fields is studied and comparison of the devices is performed. To facilitate the comparison, the analysis is carried out in the same experimental setup, exploiting nonlinear magneto-optical rotation. In such a system, a control over static-field magnitude or oscillating-field frequency provides detection of strength of the DC or AC fields. Polarization rotation is investigated for various light intensities and AC-field amplitudes, which allows to determine optimum sensitivity to both fields. With the results, we demonstrate that under optimal conditions the AC magnetometer is about ten times more sensitive than its DC counterpart, which originates from different response of the atoms to the fields. Bandwidth of the magnetometers is also analyzed, revealing its different dependence on the light power. Particularly, we demonstrate that bandwidth of the AC magnetometer can be significantly increased without strong deterioration of the magnetometer sensitivity. This behavior, combined with the ability to tune the resonance frequency of the AC magnetometer, provide means for ultra-sensitive measurements of the AC field in a broad but spectrally-limited range, where detrimental role of static-field instability is significantly reduced.

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Section: Bandwidth Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different sensitivities of two optical magnetometers realized in the same experimental arrangement

Put

Popiołek

Pustelny

2019

Sci Rep

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“…Laser spectroscopy employing miniaturized vapor cells is attracting growing attention, primarily for its potential applications in compact frequency standards [1][2][3], laser cooling [4][5][6][7], magnetometry [8][9][10] and optical isolation [11], to name a few. In order to obtain a highly resolved spectral lines in the transition from one excited state to another, various optical pumping methods, such as the optical-optical double resonance (OODR) technique, have been successfully used [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence double resonance optical pumping spectrum and its application for frequency stabilization in millimeter scale vapor cells

et al. 2017

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In recent years, we are observing substantial efforts towards the miniaturization of atomic cells to a millimeter scale and below, with the ultimate goal of enabling efficient and compact light vapor interactions. However, such miniaturization results in a reduction in optical path, effectively reducing the contrast of the optical signal. In order to overcome this obstacle, we have introduced and demonstrated a new approach of fluorescence double resonance optical pumping (FDROP) in the ladder-type atomic system. We have developed a theoretical model to predict the FDROP spectrum and validated this model using experimental results in a millimeter-size cell. We show that the contrast of fluorescence signal of the FDROP approach is higher than the transmission signal in the double resonance optical pumping approach. Taking advantage of this desired property, we have used the FDROP for the purpose of stabilizing the frequency of a laser operating at the telecom waveband with the hyperfine structure of the 5P 3/2 -4D 5/2 transition in a millimeter-size cell. By beating the stabilized laser to another stabilized laser, we obtained frequency instability floor of 9×10 −10 at around 1000 s in terms of Allan deviation. Such sources which are stabilized to miniaturized cells may play an important building block in diverse fields ranging e.g. from communication to metrology.

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“…This is in contrast to induction coils which are sensitive to the change in magnetic flux and therefore have worse sensitivity the lower the frequency. So far, optical magnetometers have been used to image highly conductive metallic samples (σ ≈ 10 6 -10 8 S/m) [19][20][21] and also recently semiconductor materials (σ = 500-10.000 S/m) [22].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary field induces eddy currents in the object which in turn generate a secondary magnetic field B ec (r, t). One can measure the total field B 1 (r, t) + B ec (r, t) and by scanning the magnetometer or the object around it is possible to construct an image of the conductivity [19][20][21][22]. Varying the frequency ω can be useful for 3D imaging [13] and for material characterization [20,22].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of low-conductivity objects using eddy current measurements with an optical magnetometer

Jensen

Zugenmaier

Arnbak

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. Research

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Detection and imaging of an electrically conductive object at a distance can be achieved by inducing eddy currents in it and measuring the associated magnetic field. We have detected lowconductivity objects with an optical magnetometer based on room-temperature cesium atomic vapor and a noise-canceling differential technique which increased the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by more than three orders of magnitude. We detected small containers with a few mL of salt-water with conductivity ranging from 4-24 S/m with a good SNR. This demonstrates that our optical magnetometer should be capable of detecting objects with conductivity < 1 S/m with a SNR > 1 and opens up new avenues for using optical magnetometers to image low-conductivity biological tissue including the human heart which would enable non-invasive diagnostics of heart diseases.

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Eddy current imaging with an atomic radio-frequency magnetometer

Cited by 64 publications

References 27 publications

Different sensitivities of two optical magnetometers realized in the same experimental arrangement

Different sensitivities of two optical magnetometers realized in the same experimental arrangement

Fluorescence double resonance optical pumping spectrum and its application for frequency stabilization in millimeter scale vapor cells

Detection of low-conductivity objects using eddy current measurements with an optical magnetometer

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