Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes

Leeuw, G. de; Moerman, Marcel; Zappa, Christopher J.; McGillis, Wade R.; Norris, S. J.; Smith, M. H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-36906-6_21

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…4. Furthermore, using 300°C to separate sea salt from organic compounds, which has become customary for marine aerosol studies as a way to separate sea‐salt flux from sea spray [ de Leeuw et al , 2007; Nilsson et al , 2007], this neglects the fact that some organic compounds known to be present in marine aerosols have higher boiling points than this. And hence incorrectly would have contributed to what we would like to define as sea salt.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2010

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[1] Bubbles bursting from whitecaps are considered to be the most effective mechanism for particulate matter to be ejected into the atmosphere from the Earth's oceans. To realistically predict the climate effect of marine aerosols, global climate models require process-based understanding of particle formation from bubble bursting. During a cruise on the highly biologically active waters of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean in the summer of 2006, the submicrometer primary marine aerosol produced by a jet of seawater impinging on a seawater surface was investigated. The produced aerosol size spectra were centered on 200 nm in dry diameter and were conservative in shape throughout the cruise. The aerosol number production was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water (r < À0.6 for particles of dry diameter D p > 200 nm). An increased surfactant concentration as a result of biological activity affecting the oxygen saturation is thought to diminish the particle production. The lack of influence of chlorophyll on aerosol production indicates that hydrocarbons produced directly by the photosynthesis are not essential for sea spray production. The upward mixing of deeper ocean water as a result of higher wind speed appears to affect the aerosol particle production, making wind speed influence aerosol production in more ways than by increasing the amount of whitecaps. The bubble spectra produced by the jet of seawater was representative of breaking waves at open sea, and the particle number production was positively correlated with increasing bubble number concentration with a peak production of 40-50 particles per bubble.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2010

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“…A wide range of source functions have been proposed, spanning about 6 orders of magnitude [ Andreas , 1998, 2002], although this large variability has been reduced to within about 1 order of magnitude among the most recent studies for particles with R 80 between about 0.1 and 10 μ m [ O'Dowd and de Leeuw , 2007; de Leeuw et al , 2007, 2011]. Almost all sea spray source functions have been derived via indirect techniques; the most widely used of which is the measurement of the mean size spectra and an assumption of equilibrium so that production can be inferred from the dry deposition rate, which is assumed to be well defined by previous studies [e.g., Fairall et al , 1983; Fairall and Larsen , 1984; Smith et al , 1993; Hoppel et al , 2002].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both Nilsson et al [2001] and Geever et al [2005] derive a source flux by adding an estimated deposition flux to the measured net flux. de Leeuw et al [2007]utilized a PMS PCASP to measure the particle concentration after heating the inflow to 300°C in an attempt to volatilize all except the sea‐salt component of the aerosol. Net eddy covariance fluxes were then estimated for particles in 4 coarse and overlapping size ranges ( R 80 = 0.055–0.075, 0.075–0.095, 0.055–0.1875, and 0.055–0.45 μ m).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eddy covariance measurements of the sea spray aerosol flux over the open ocean

et al. 2012

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[1] Direct eddy covariance measurements of size-segregated sea spray aerosol fluxes over the open Atlantic Ocean are presented, along with a source function derived from them for a wind speed range of 4 to 18 m s À1 and a size range of 0.176 < R 80 < 6.61 mm. This is in broad agreement with other recent estimates of the source function over this size range but shows a more rapid decrease with size above R 80 = 2 mm than most other functions. The measurements were made during a 3 week cruise in the North Atlantic as part of the UK contribution to the international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) program. They utilized the new high-rate Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP), providing a 16-channel size spectrum (0.17 < R amb < 9.5 mm) at 10 Hz, collocated with a sonic anemometer. The measurements demonstrate the high variability in sea spray aerosol flux compared with other air-sea fluxes, both between individual estimates and in the scales contributing to the flux.

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“…The initial prototype was used on a tethered balloon to obtain aerosol profiles at a coastal site during the North Atlantic Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (NAMBLEX) field campaign (Heard et al 2006). A second version was tested during the Waves Air-Sea interactions, Fluxes, Aerosols and Bubbles (WASFAB) field campaign in Duck, North Carolina, (de Leeuw et al 2007). This version provided only 8 size channels but achieved the first size-resolved estimates of sea spray aerosol fluxes via eddy correlation (Norris et al 2008).…”

Section: Research Applications For Claspmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improving the parameterization of aerosol processes in numerical models requires a better understanding of both the physical and chemical processes that control aerosol formation, their size distributions, chemical reactions with gases, and physical interactions with clouds. Most attempts to characterize source fluxes have relied upon indirect methods; direct measurement of the flux via eddy covariance provides a much more robust estimate, but has been attempted in only a small number of studies (Nilsson et al 2001;Geever et al 2005;de Leeuw et al 2007). Direct eddy covariance has been used more widely to estimate aerosol deposition fluxes over forests (e.g., Gallagher et al 1997;Buzorius et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP)

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Brooks

Norris

et al. 2008

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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The Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP) is an optical particle spectrometer capable of measuring size-resolved particle concentrations in 16 user-defined size bins spanning diameters in the range 0.24 Ͻ D Ͻ 18.5 m at a rate of 10 Hz. The combination of its compact nature and lightweight and robust build allows for deployment in environments and locations where the use of the larger, heavier, more traditional instrumentation would prove awkward or impossible. The high temporal resolution means it is particularly suited to direct measurements of aerosol fluxes via the eddy covariance technique. CLASP has been through an extended evolutionary development. This has resulted in an instrument whose performance characteristics are well established.

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Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean

In situ laboratory sea spray production during the Marine Aerosol Production 2006 cruise on the northeastern Atlantic Ocean

Eddy covariance measurements of the sea spray aerosol flux over the open ocean

A Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP)

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