Eddy correlation measurements of methane fluxes using a tunable diode laser at the Kinosheo Lake tower site during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES)

Edwards, Grant C.; Neumann, H. H.; Hartog, G. Den; Thurtell, G. W.; Kidd, G. E.

doi:10.1029/93jd02368

Cited by 92 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The use of the TDL instrument to measure N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes has been reported by many authors: Edwards et al (1994Edwards et al ( , 2001Edwards et al ( , 2003, Wagner-Riddle et al (1996a, b), Wagner-Riddle and Thurtull (1998), Simpson et al (1995Simpson et al ( , 1997 and Pattey (1999, 2003). The TDL technology can be utilized as a chemical sensor for other trace gases (Simpson et al 1998;Griffis et al 2004).…”

Section: Application Of a Single-pass Optical Tdl To The Fluxgradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Either short tubing or optimal tubing design should be used to minimize this effect. A cascade of tubes of increasing diameters has been effectively used to minimize the attenuation (Edwards et al 1994). A thorough treatment of the concentration fluctuation attenuation due to flow through a tube has been put forward by Massman (1991), who derived the following transfer function, H(ω):…”

Section: Using the Closed-path Co 2 /H 2 O Analyzer With The Eddy Covmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simply, if the TDL instrument responds to a square wave input with a square wave output, then this represents good plug flow characteristics. Edwards et al (1994) described a suitable flow system for the TDL using EC. The pumping rate of 5.6 L s -1 (Busch RB-0021 super series, Maulburg, Germany) was used at a pressure of 75 mbar at the pump.…”

Section: Using the Single-pass Optical Tdl With The Eddy Covariance Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers

Pattey¹,

Edwards²,

Strachan³

et al. 2006

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Riddle, C. 2006. Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers. Can. J. Soil Sci. Can. J. Soil Sci. 86: 373-400. This is a discussion of the available technology for measuring turbulent fluxes using instrumented towers. This review focuses on the flux measurements of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) for agricultural systems and the development of standards and protocols for measuring them. Agroecosystems present unique challenges because they undergo large leaf area index (LAI) and canopy architecture changes in a relatively short period of time (i.e., months) coupled with the fact that many of the greenhouse gas sources are diffuse. This review examines all aspects of the theory and application of the micrometeorological techniques, with focus on the flux gradient, eddy accumulation and eddy covariance techniques. Instrument placement, sensor response and noise characteristics are also explored. Innovative applications of micrometeorological methods are discussed for closed-and open-path trace gas sensors and commonly used meteorological instrumentation. The use of fastresponse single-pass optical tunable diode laser (i.e., CH 4 , N 2 O) and infrared gas analyzers (i.e., CO 2 , H 2 O) is described. Consideration is also taken of the trace gas sensors' flow system design, mixing ratio measurement, and data acquisition and reduction requirements for micrometeorological flux measurement. Procedures are outlined for the meteorological instrumentation necessary for eddy covariance-based energy budget measurement including ultrasonic anemometry. Les écosystèmes agricoles présentent des contraintes spécifiques du fait que l'indice foliaire et l'architecture du couvert végétal subissent d'importants changements durant la saison de croissance (quelques mois) et que la plupart des sources de gaz à effet de serre sont diffuses. Les auteurs examinent les principes et les applications de la micrométéorologie sous toutes leurs facettes, en insistant sur les techniques des gradients de flux, d'accumulation des tourbillons et la covariance des fluctuations. Ils abordent aussi l'installation des instruments, la sensibilité des capteurs et les caractéristiques du bruit de fond. Les auteurs présentent des applications novatrices de la micrométéorologie pour les capteurs de gaz à l'état de traces à parcours ouvert et fermé ainsi que des instruments employés couramment en météorologie. Ils décrivent l'utilisation de diode laser accordable à parcours optique unique et à réponse rapide (pour le CH 4 et le N 2 O) et d'analyseurs de gaz à infrarouge (pour le CO 2 et H 2 O). Enfin, ils tiennent compte de la conception du système captant les gaz à l'état de traces, des mesures du rapport de mélange ainsi que de l'acquisition des données et de leur réduction afin de mesurer les flux micrométéorologiques. Suit la description des méthodes servant aux instruments nécessaire à la mesure du bilan énergétique par la covariance des fluctuations, tels que...

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Section: Application Of a Single-pass Optical Tdl To The Fluxgradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Using the Closed-path Co 2 /H 2 O Analyzer With The Eddy Covmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Using the Single-pass Optical Tdl With The Eddy Covariance Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers

Pattey¹,

Edwards²,

Strachan³

et al. 2006

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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show abstract

“…Pioneer studies employing the EC technique have also been carried out to investigate trace gas exchange at the ocean surface [e.g., Jones and Smith, 1977;Francey and Garratt, 1978;Wesely et al, 1982;Jones, 1985, 1986;Smith et al, 1991;McGillis et al, 2001] and across lakes [e.g., Edwards et al, 1994;Anderson et al, 1999]. However, EC measurements over lakes have so far shown significant disagreement with other techniques [see Anderson et al, 1999;Fairall et al, 2000].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: Importance of convective mixing

et al. 2003

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[1] CO 2 exchange between lake water and the atmosphere was investigated at Toolik Lake (Alaska) and Soppensee (Switzerland) employing the eddy covariance (EC) method. The results obtained from three field campaigns at the two sites indicate the importance of convection in the lake in driving gas flux across the water-air interface. Measurements were performed during short (1-3 day) periods with observed diurnal changes between stratified and convective conditions in the lakes. Over Toolik Lake the EC net CO 2 efflux was 114 ± 33 mg C m À2 d À1 , which compares well with the 131 ± 2 mg C m À2 d À1 estimated by a boundary layer model (BLM) and the 153 ± 3 mg C m À2 d À1 obtained with a surface renewal model (SRM). Floating chamber measurements, however, indicated a net efflux of 365 ± 61 mg C m À2 d À1 , which is more than double the EC fluxes measured at the corresponding times (150 ± 78 mg C m À2 d À1 ). The differences between continous (EC, SRM, and BLM) and episodic (chamber) flux determination indicate that the chamber measurements might be biased depending on the chosen sampling interval. Significantly smaller fluxes ( p < 0.06) were found during stratified periods (51 ± 42 mg C m À2 d À1 ) than were found during convective periods (150 ± 45 mg C m À2 d À1 ) by the EC method, but not by the BLM. However, the congruence between average values obtained by the models and EC supports the use of both methods, but EC measurements and the SRM provide more insight into the physical-biological processes affecting gas flux. Over Soppensee, the daily net efflux from the lake was 289 ± 153 mg C m À2 d À1 during the measuring period. Flux differences were significant ( p < 0.002) between stratified periods (240 ± 82 mg C m À2 d À1 ) and periods with penetrative convection (1117 ± 236 mg C m À2 d À1 ) but insignificant if convection in the lake was weak and nonpenetrative. Our data indicate the importance of periods of heat loss and convective mixing to the process of gas exchange across the water surface, and calculations of gas transfer velocity using the surface renewal model support our observations. Future studies should employ the EC method in order to obtain essential data for process-scale investigations. Measurements should be extended to cover the full season from thaw to freeze, thereby integrating data over stratified and convective periods. Thus the statistical confidence in the seasonal budgets of CO 2 and other trace gases that are exchanged across lake surfaces could be increased considerably.

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“…These are mostly based on principles of chemical ionisation (Shaw et al, 1998;Španěl and Smith, 1998;Fehsenfeld et al, 2002;de Gouw and Warneke, 2006;Nowak et al, 2006;Norman et al, 2007) and absorption of light in the mid-infrared (Edwards et al, 1994;Berden et al, 2000;McManus et al, 2008). Shaw et al (1998) presented first trials to employ Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) for EC fluxes of NH 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia by high temperature chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

et al. 2011

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Abstract.A system for fast ammonia (NH 3 ) measurements with chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (CIMS) based on a commercial Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) is presented. It uses electron transfer reaction as ionisation pathway and features a drift tube of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and silica-coated steel. Heating the instrumental inlet and the drift tube to 180 • C enabled an effective time resolution of ∼1 s and made it possible to apply the instrument for eddy covariance (EC) measurements. EC fluxes of NH 3 were measured over two agricultural fields in Oensingen, Switzerland, following fertilisations with cattle slurry. Air was aspirated close to a sonic anemometer at a flow of 100 STP L min −1 and was directed through a 23 m long 1/2" PFA tube heated to 150 • C to an airconditioned trailer where the gas was sub-sampled from the large bypass stream. This setup minimised damping of fast NH 3 concentration changes between the sampling point and the actual measurement. High-frequency attenuation loss of the NH 3 fluxes of 20 to 40% was quantified and corrected for using an empirical ogive method. The instrumental NH 3 background signal showed a minor interference with H 2 O which was characterised in the laboratory. The resulting correction of the NH 3 flux after slurry spreading was less than 1‰. The flux detection limit of the EC system was about 5 ng m −2 s −1 while the accuracy of individual flux measurements was estimated 16% for the high-flux regime during these experiments. The NH 3 emissions after broad spreading of the slurry showed an initial maximum of 150 µg m −2 s −1 with a fast decline in the following hours.

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Eddy correlation measurements of methane fluxes using a tunable diode laser at the Kinosheo Lake tower site during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES)

Cited by 92 publications

References 28 publications

Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers

Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers

CO₂ exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: Importance of convective mixing

Eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia by high temperature chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

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Eddy correlation measurements of methane fluxes using a tunable diode laser at the Kinosheo Lake tower site during the Northern Wetlands Study (NOWES)

Cited by 92 publications

References 28 publications

Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers

Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers

CO2 exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: Importance of convective mixing

Eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia by high temperature chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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CO₂ exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: Importance of convective mixing