Edaphic Factors and the Landscape-Scale Distributions of Tropical Rain Forest Trees

Abstract

Tropical rain forests have the highest tree diversity on earth. Nonrandom spatial distributions of these species in relation to edaphic factors could be one mechanism responsible for maintaining this diversity. We examined the prevalence of nonrandom distributions of trees and palms in relation to soil type and topographic position (“edaphic biases”) over a mesoscale (573 ha) old‐growth tropical rain forest (TRF) landscape at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. All trees and palms ≥10 cm diameter were measured and identified in 1170 circular 0.01‐ha plots centered on an existing 50 × 100 m grid. Topographic position was classified for each plot, and slope and aspect were measured. Soil type data were taken from a previous study (). A total of 5127 trees and palms were identified in 267 species. Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that highly significant edaphic gradients were present, with swamp or highly fertile soils separated from the less fertile, well‐drained upland soils. Species composition remained significantly related to topographic position when soil type was controlled for. The main floristic gradients were still significant when flooded sites were excluded from the analyses. Randomization tests on a weighted preference index were used to examine the relations of individual species to soil types and, within the dominant soil type, to topographic position. Of the 132 species with N ≥ 5 individuals, 33 showed significant associations with soil type. Within the dominant soil type, 13 of 110 analyzable species were nonrandomly associated with one or more topographic positions. For a variety of reasons, including issues relating to sample size and adequate edaphic characterization of landscapes, we suggest that the ∼30% of species shown to be edaphically biased in this study is an underestimate of the true degree of edaphically related distributional biases. To evaluate this hypothesis will require mesoscale vegetation sampling combined with quantitative soil analyses at the same scale in a range of tropical rain forests. If edaphic distributional biases are shown to be common, this suggests that edaphically linked processes leading to differential recruitment are similarly common.

Spatial Heterogeneity of the Forest Canopy Scales with the Heterogeneity of an Understory Shrub Based on Fractal Analysis

“…We considered the "local" scale range to be from 0 m to 20 m, which we propose represents the scope of influence of an individual tree on buffaloberry shrubs as this upper limit corresponds to the maximum average height of tree species in Alberta [73]. Comparatively larger scales between 20 m and 502 m are referred to here as "meso-scale" to represent the collective influence of multiple trees at the forest patch-level (note that this term is also applied to broader spatial extents, e.g., as in [74]). …”

Phytolith Assemblages Along a Gradient of Ancient Human Disturbance in Western Amazonia

“…Tropical rainforests are a test bed for ecological research linking species diversity and distributions with the ecological niche (Elton, 1927;Hutchinson, 1957;Whittaker et al, 1973;Clark et al, 1999) and neutral dynamics (Terborgh, 1992;Hubbell, 2001;Tuomisto et al, 2003). Assumptions that the forests are at equilibrium, or nearly so, underlie much of this research.…”

Soil Effects on Forest Structure and Diversity in a Moist and a Dry Tropical Forest

“…Studies examining the effect of soil variables on tree diversity and species distribution have mostly used proxy variables such as soil types and topography to describe soil conditions (e.g., Duivenvoorden 1996, Clark et al 1999, Harms et al 2001, Gunatilleke et al 2006. It is clear, however, that plants do not respond to soil proxy variables per se but to the physical and chemical characteristics that underlie them (Sollins 1998).…”