Ectoparasite‐induced increase in <i>Drosophila</i> host metabolic rate

Brophy, Taylor; Luong, Lien T.

doi:10.1111/phen.12334

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…For example, a crab infected by a mature rhizocephalan can have double the metabolic rate of the uninfected host [ 109 ]. Similarly, in flies infected by ectothermic mites, there was an increase in metabolic rate that scaled with intensity of infestation [ 110 ]. Given a limit to a host's maximum metabolic rate [ 111 ], parasite-driven increases in host metabolic rate could cause hosts to reach their maximum rate at lower temperatures than uninfected hosts.…”

Section: Host Heat Tolerance During Infection: What Mechanisms Could ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection burdens and virulence under heat stress: ecological and evolutionary considerations

Hector

Gehman

King

2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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As a result of global change, hosts and parasites (including pathogens) are experiencing shifts in their thermal environment. Despite the importance of heat stress tolerance for host population persistence, infection by parasites can impair a host's ability to cope with heat. Host–parasite eco-evolutionary dynamics will be affected if infection reduces host performance during heating. Theory predicts that within-host parasite burden (replication rate or number of infecting parasites per host), a key component of parasite fitness, should correlate positively with virulence—the harm caused to hosts during infection. Surprisingly, however, the relationship between within-host parasite burden and virulence during heating is often weak. Here, we describe the current evidence for the link between within-host parasite burden and host heat stress tolerance. We consider the biology of host–parasite systems that may explain the weak or absent link between these two important host and parasite traits during hot conditions. The processes that mediate the relationship between parasite burden and host fitness will be fundamental in ecological and evolutionary responses of host and parasites in a warming world. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world’.

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Section: Host Heat Tolerance During Infection: What Mechanisms Could ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection burdens and virulence under heat stress: ecological and evolutionary considerations

Hector

Gehman

King

2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Aggregation of arthropods may involve host-derived semiochemicals or other chemical cues (Egan et al, 1975;Wertheim et al, 2005;Koenraadt and Dicke, 2010). For example, injury-induced bleeding and elevated levels of CO 2 among parasitized Drosophila may act as attractants for mites (Luong et al, 2017;Horn et al, 2018;Brophy and Luong, 2021. In other words, mite-related cues (aggregation pheromones) and host-related cues (kairomones) may mediate mite attraction to certain hosts, increasing the probability of re-infection. Positive feedback (reducing host behavioural defence and increasing mite preference) could create a 'snowball effect', generating additional infection heterogeneity within the host population (Johnson and Hoverman, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of infection status and parasitism risk on host dispersal and susceptibility to infection inDrosophila nigrospiracula

Brophy

Luong

2021

Parasitology

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For many organisms, habitat avoidance provides the first line of defence against parasitic infection. Changes in infection status can shift the cost-benefit ratio of remaining in a given habitat vs dispersing. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the propensity to disperse in Drosophila nigrospiracula is mediated by current parasite load and the risk of further infection by an ectoparasitic mite (Macrocheles subbadius). An activity monitor was used to assess dispersal propensity among infected and uninfected flies. The activity level of uninfected females increased threefold upon exposure to a mite, whereas the activity among uninfected males increased by 17-fold in the presence of a questing mite. Among infected flies, the risk of further infection also generated a change in activity, but the magnitude of the response was dependent on host sex. Current infection status influenced the probability of acquiring more parasites due to increased susceptibility to infection with mite load. The probability of acquiring additional mites among males increased more rapidly compared to female flies. Current infection status can potentially determine the risk of further infection, the host propensity and ability to disperse, with consequence for hosts and parasites at the individual, population and species level.

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“…The combined effects of mite-derived damage negatively influence the expression of male and female reproductive tissues, mating success, and lifespan (5, 15, 22). Other host behavioral and physiological changes that occur in response to parasitism or parasite exposure include adaptive shifts in male reproductive effort (23), anti-mite defensive behaviors (24), oviposition site preference (25), and rates of respiration (26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifted levels of sleep and activity under darkness as mechanisms underlying ectoparasite resistance

Benoit,

Ajayi,

Webster

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Parasites harm host fitness and are pervasive agents of natural selection. Host defensive traits in natural populations typically show genetic variation, which may be maintained when parasite resistance imposes fitness costs on the host coupled with variability in parasite prevalence in space and/or time. Previously we demonstrated significant evolutionary responses to artificial selection for increasing behavioral immunity toGamasodes queenslandicusmites in replicate lines ofDrosophila melanogaster. Here, we report transcriptional shifts in metabolic processes between selected and control fly lines based on RNA-seq analyses. We also show decreased starvation resistance and increased use of nutrient reserves in flies from mite-resistant lines. Additionally, mite-resistant lines exhibited increased behavioral activity, reduced sleep and elevated oxygen consumption under conditions of darkness. The link between resistance and sleep was confirmed in an independent panel ofD. melanogastergenetic lines exhibiting variable sleep durations, showing a positive correlation between mite resistance and reduced sleep. Experimentally restraining the activity of artificially selected mite-resistant flies during exposure to parasites under dark conditions reduced their resistance advantage relative to control flies. The results suggest that ectoparasite resistance in this system involves increased dark-condition activity and metabolic gene expression at the expense of nutrient reserves and starvation resistance.

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Ectoparasite‐induced increase in Drosophila host metabolic rate

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Infection burdens and virulence under heat stress: ecological and evolutionary considerations

Infection burdens and virulence under heat stress: ecological and evolutionary considerations

The influence of infection status and parasitism risk on host dispersal and susceptibility to infection inDrosophila nigrospiracula

Shifted levels of sleep and activity under darkness as mechanisms underlying ectoparasite resistance

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