Ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi modifies the lactate response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Vargas‐Chacoff, Luis; Muñoz, José Luis Pedraz; Hawes, Christopher; Oyarzún, R.; Pontigo, Juan Pablo; Saravia, Julia; González, Margarita P.; Mardones, O.; Labbé, B.S.; Morera, Francisco J.; Bertrán, Carlos; Pino, Jorge A.; Wadsworth, Simón; Yáñez, Alejandro J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.031

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This result suggests the need to stimulate the carbohydrate metabolism to compensate the energy required by fish after being inoculated with the antibiotic‐resistant strain. However, our results also show that gene transcription and protein levels do not show a direct correlation, which has been previously reported by other authors (Vargas‐Chacoff et al, , , ). In muscle, the enzymatic levels of FBP were not determined; nevertheless, the up‐regulation of FBP in fish injected with AUSTRAL‐005 are in agreement with the liver results, suggesting that the production of glucose and fatty acid synthesis are triggered at transcriptional level after injection with AUSTRAL‐005 to compensate the high energy requirement (Arjona et al, ; Oyarzún, Vargas‐Lagos, et al, ; Stanton, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The enzymatic activity of LDH‐O in the oxidative direction in fish is required for the conversion of lactate into pyruvate, maintaining the energy balance when necessary and also to be utilized in the gluconeogenic pathway (Herrera et al, ; Oyarzún et al, ; Sangiao‐Alvarellos et al, ; Vargas‐Chacoff, Arjona, et al, ). It has been observed that under the stress conditions produced by parasitic infection with C. rogercresseyi , the LDH‐O activity increased in the muscle of Atlantic salmon and coho salmon, suggesting that salmonids need more energy to fight parasitic infections and thus resulting in an increased production of pyruvate (Vargas‐Chacoff et al, ). Moreover, increase of LDH‐O in muscle has been observed in Dicologlossa cuneata reared at high stocking density and in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus exposed to hypoxic conditions (Herrera et al, ; Rees, Figueroa, Wiese, Beckman, & Schulte, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub‐Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis

Soto‐Dávila

Martínez

Oyarzún

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Pathogen interactions with cultured fish populations are well studied, but their effects on native fishes have not been characterized. In Chile, the disease caused by bacterial species Piscirickettsia salmonis represents one of the main issues and is considered to be one of the important pathogens in the field of aquaculture. They have been found to infect native fish. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the impact of P. salmonis on native species of local commercial value, as well as the potential impact associated with the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains of P. salmonis. Due to this purpose, the native fish Eleginops maclovinus was used in our study. Fish were randomly distributed in tanks and intraperitoneally inoculated with two strains of P. salmonis. No mortality was recorded during the experiment. Cortisol, glucose and total α‐amino acid levels increased in fish injected with AUSTRAL‐005 strain compared to sham‐injected and LF‐89‐inoculated fish. Moreover, results showed an increase in the activity of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism in liver; and an increase in the carbohydrates, lipids and total α‐amino acid metabolism in muscle after injection with AUSTRAL‐005. Our results suggest that P. salmonis modulates the physiology of E. maclovinus and the physiological impact increase in the presence of the antibiotic‐resistant strain AUSTRAL‐005.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub‐Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis

Soto‐Dávila

Martínez

Oyarzún

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Myosins and troponins have previously been identified as genes that respond to sea lice attachment in salmon skin ( Holm et al, 2015 ). Further, Caligus infection is known to induce increased enzyme activity in muscle tissue ( Vargas-Chacoff et al, 2017 ), and behavioral changes in the fish such as flashing and jumping are associated with ectoparasite removal ( Furevik et al, 1993 ; Magnhagen et al, 2008 ). It has been recently reported that inactivity or reduced swimming activity contribute to resistance to sea lice ( Bui, 2017 ), so it is possible that the high lice counts of susceptible fish in this study are due to higher activity levels with associated expression of muscle contraction related genes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Expression Response to Sea Lice in Atlantic Salmon Skin: RNA Sequencing Comparison Between Resistant and Susceptible Animals

et al. 2018

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Sea lice are parasitic copepods that cause large economic losses to salmon aquaculture worldwide. Frequent chemotherapeutic treatments are typically required to control this parasite, and alternative measures such as breeding for improved host resistance are desirable. Insight into the host–parasite interaction and mechanisms of host resistance can lead to improvements in selective breeding, and potentially novel treatment targets. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to study the skin transcriptome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parasitized with sea lice (Caligus rogercresseyi). The overall aims were to compare the transcriptomic profile of skin at louse attachment sites and “healthy” skin, and to assess differences in gene expression response between animals with varying levels of resistance to the parasite. Atlantic salmon pre-smolts were challenged with C. rogercresseyi, growth and lice count measurements were taken for each fish. 21 animals were selected and RNA-Seq was performed on skin from a louse attachment site, and skin distal to attachment sites for each animal. These animals were classified into family-balanced groups according to the traits of resistance (high vs. low lice count), and growth during infestation. Overall comparison of skin from louse attachment sites vs. healthy skin showed that 4,355 genes were differentially expressed, indicating local up-regulation of several immune pathways and activation of tissue repair mechanisms. Comparison between resistant and susceptible animals highlighted expression differences in several immune response and pattern recognition genes, and also myogenic and iron availability factors. Components of the pathways involved in differential response to sea lice may be targets for studies aimed at improved or novel treatment strategies, or to prioritize candidate functional polymorphisms to enhance genomic selection for host resistance in commercial salmon breeding programs.

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“…Myosins and troponins have previously been identified as genes that respond to sea lice attachment in salmon skin [29]. Further, Caligus infection is known to induce increased enzyme activity in muscle tissue [30], and behavioural changes in the fish such as flashing and jumping are associated with ectoparasite removal [31, 32]. It has been recently reported that inactivity or reduced swimming activity contribute to resistance to sea lice [33], so it is possible that the high lice counts of susceptible fish in this study are due to higher activity levels with associated expression of muscle contraction related genes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression response to sea lice in Atlantic salmon skin: an RNA-Seq comparison between resistant and susceptible animals

Robledo

Gutiérrez

Barría

et al. 2017

Preprint

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BackgroundSea lice are parasitic copepods that cause large economic losses to salmon aquaculture worldwide. Frequent chemotherapeutic treatments are typically required to control this parasite, and alternative measures such as breeding for improved host resistance are desirable. Insight into the host-parasite interaction and mechanisms of host resistance can lead to improvements in selective breeding, and potentially novel treatment targets. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to study the skin transcriptome of Atlantic salmon parasitized with sea lice (C. rogercresseyi). The overall aims were to compare the transcriptomic profile of skin at louse attachment sites and ‘healthy’ skin, and to assess differences between animals with varying levels of resistance to the parasite.ResultsAtlantic salmon were challenged with C. rogercresseyi, growth and lice count measurements were taken for each fish. 21 animals were selected and RNA-Seq was performed on skin from a louse attachment site, and skin distal to attachment sites for each animal. These animals were classified into family-balanced groups according to the traits of resistance (high vs low lice count), and growth during infestation (an indication of tolerance). Overall comparison of skin from louse attachment sites versus healthy skin showed that 4,355 genes were differentially expressed, indicating local up-regulation of several immune pathways and activation of tissue repair mechanisms. Comparison between resistant and susceptible animals highlighted expression differences in several immune response and pattern recognition genes, and also myogenic and iron availability factors. Genomic regions showing signs of differentiation between resistant and susceptible fish were identified using an Fst analysis.ConclusionsComparison of the skin transcriptome between louse attachment sites and healthy skin has yielded a detailed profile of genes and pathways with putative roles in the local host immune response to C. rogercresseyi. The difference in skin gene expression profile between resistant and susceptible animals led to the identification of several immune and myogenic pathways potentially involved in host resistance. Components of these pathways may be targets for studies aimed at improved or novel treatment strategies, or to prioritise candidate functional polymorphisms to enhance genomic selection for host resistance in commercial salmon farming.

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Ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi modifies the lactate response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub‐Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis

Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub‐Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis

Gene Expression Response to Sea Lice in Atlantic Salmon Skin: RNA Sequencing Comparison Between Resistant and Susceptible Animals

Gene expression response to sea lice in Atlantic salmon skin: an RNA-Seq comparison between resistant and susceptible animals

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