Ectomycorrhizal fungi of exotic Carya ovata in the context of surrounding native forests on Central European sites

Rhizobium Presence and Functions in Microbiomes of Non-leguminous Plants

“…The negative impact of heavy metal pollution was observed especially in the case of the biomass of arbuscular fungi in the rhizosphere of poplars (Karliński et al 2020). To a lesser extent, soil pollution decreased the biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi.…”

“…Facultative dual mycorrhizal symbiosis is considered to be the plant's ability to establish the different types of mycorrhizal associations in response to environmental conditions or plant age. For example, the predominance of ectomycorrhizal and presence of arbuscular structures have been examined for Quercus rubra seedlings inside its native range and Carya seedling outside its native range in Europe (Rudawska et al 2018), where Q. rubra (Fagaceae, Fagales) is invasive species but Carya species (Juglandaceae, Fagales) are naturalized and still grown on the old European plantations abandoned for a half of a century (Paź et al 2018;Wilgan et al 2020). The general proportion of plant species that have naturalized outside their native range is significantly higher for plants entering the mycorrhizal symbiosis facultatively (76%) than obligatorily (52%).…”

“…Environmental conditions determine the global distribution of mycorrhizal fungi from the tropical forests being the habitat of mainly arbuscular mycorrhiza and rich plant communities, to the less differentiated northern forests, dominated by ectomycorrhiza and much slower nutrient cycling than in the tropics. Soil conditions are thought to be an important factor in mycorrhizal colonization (Gonçalves and Martins-Loução 1996;Karliński et al 2010Karliński et al , 2013Karliński et al , 2020. Arbuscular fungi are characterized by a greater amplitude of tolerance to adverse soil conditions than ectomycorrhizal fungi .…”

“…The negative impact of heavy metal pollutants on the biomass of arbuscular fungi and other groups of fungi has been reported by several authors (e.g., Frostegård et al 1993;Hagerberg et al 2011;Pennanen et al 1996). The analyses of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of mature poplars growing in the vicinity of the copper smelter revealed that the negative effect of heavy metal pollution was more pronounced for the biomass of fungal part of soil microbiome than for bacterial biomass (Karliński et al 2020). This result is in line with the other observations obtained near copper or zinc smelters, which showed a decrease in phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) as indicators of the fungal biomass (e.g., Pennanen et al 1996).…”

“…The role of plant genotypes in shaping fungal communities associated with plants has mainly focused on short-lived crop plants, e.g., barley, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, and chickpea Ellouze et al 2013;Ravnskov and Larsen 2016). To a lesser extent, the impact of the genotype has been analyzed in case of trees, especially those growing in different environmental conditions and impacted by the long-lasting natural or anthropogenic factors (Karliński et al 2020). The observations of different poplar clones and hybrids revealed their different response to environmental conditions, which was particularly evident in the polluted area.…”