Ectomycorrhizal fungi and interspecific competition: species interactions, community structure, coexistence mechanisms, and future research directions

Kennedy, Peter G.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03399.x

Cited by 166 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(256 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, evidence from population genetic (38) and phylogeographic (39) studies shows that large geographic features (e.g., oceans, mountains) are effective dispersal barriers to fungal populations. Limited dispersal in tandem with the strong priority effects that have been observed for fungi (40) may give rise to historically contingent fungal communities (41). Such historical contingencies may explain the high levels of community divergence we observed across plots within the same region.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Endemism and functional convergence across the North American soil mycobiome

Talbot

Bruns

Taylor

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

459

437

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Identifying the ecological processes that structure communities and the consequences for ecosystem function is a central goal of ecology. The recognition that fungi, bacteria, and viruses control key ecosystem functions has made microbial communities a major focus of this field. Because many ecological processes are apparent only at particular spatial or temporal scales, a complete understanding of the linkages between microbial community, environment, and function requires analysis across a wide range of scales. Here, we map the biological and functional geography of soil fungi from local to continental scales and show that the principal ecological processes controlling community structure and function operate at different scales. Similar to plants or animals, most soil fungi are endemic to particular bioregions, suggesting that factors operating at large spatial scales, like dispersal limitation or climate, are the first-order determinants of fungal community structure in nature. By contrast, soil extracellular enzyme activity is highly convergent across bioregions and widely differing fungal communities. Instead, soil enzyme activity is correlated with local soil environment and distribution of fungal traits within the community. The lack of structure-function relationships for soil fungal communities at continental scales indicates a high degree of functional redundancy among fungal communities in global biogeochemical cycles.T he structure and function of ecological communities are intimately linked, such that the number and identity of species within a community often affect the key ecosystem properties of primary productivity (1), resistance and resilience to disturbance (2), and rates of nutrient cycling (3). However, understanding the extent to which structure-function relationships hold across communities and over large spatial scales continues to be a major goal of ecological research. Identifying these relationships for microbial organisms is particularly critical, because these organisms control rates of key ecosystem processes (the cycling of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon) (4) and directly affect the community structure of plants and animals through pathogenic or mutualistic interactions (5). As such, microbial activity is also intrinsic to Earth system models that inform citizens and policy makers of ecosystem dynamics and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere (6). As in plant communities of tropical rainforests (7), the incredible number of microbial taxa on Earth has been a challenge for understanding the link between diversity and function. Advances in DNA sequencing technology have recently allowed for a robust characterization of bacterial biogeographic patterns (8); however, to date, studies have examined structure-function relationships at a fixed scale (9-12). As a result, it is not yet clear how microbial function is linked to largescale biogeographic patterns, whether or not this link is a more reliable determinant of microbial function in global biogeochemical cycl...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Endemism and functional convergence across the North American soil mycobiome

Talbot

Bruns

Taylor

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

459

437

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…on the other hand, dark brown and brownish-black ECMs were either formed by certain morphotyperelated fungi or they were later developmental stages of lighter brown ECMs induced by ageing. Progressive methods of identification and quantification of ECMs would have to be used for consistent and reliable analysis of ECM communities on roots of the evaluated cuttings (hönig et al 2000;Kennedy 2010). The application of ECM inoculum to a substrate does not guarantee that ECMs will develop on a host plant (hönig et al 2000;Repáč 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing of microbial additives in the rooting of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stem cuttings

Repáč¹,

Vencurik²,

Balanda³

2011

J. For. Sci.

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Laboratory-produced alginate-bead inoculum of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi Cortinarius sp. and Gomphidius glutinosus, fungal commercial products ECtovit® and Trichomil®, bacterial commercial product BactoFil B®, and commercial rooting stimulator Vetozen® were applied to a peat-perlite (1:2, v:v) rooting substrate of Norway spruce stem cuttings collected from 4-year-old nursery-grown seedlings immediately before the insertion of cuttings into the substrate. The application of beads free of fungi and the substrate without an additive were the other treatments. The cuttings were rooted in vessels (60 cuttings per vessel, 180 per treatment) placed in a glasshouse and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The cuttings were estimated for one growing season (approximately for 26 weeks) after their insertion into the rooting substrate. Rooting % of the cuttings ranged from 45 (mycelium-free beads) to 75 (control) according to treatments, 64 on average. No significant differences among treatments were found in % of ECM morphotypes, total ECM colonization of roots (%), and growth parameters of shoots and roots of the cuttings. The applied microbial additives were not sufficiently efficient to form treatment-related ectomycorrhizas that were formed by naturally occurring ECM fungi. Inoculation by the ECM fungus Cortinarius sp. and application of Trichomil had a partial stimulative effect on the shoot growth of cuttings. Shoot and root growth parameters were not significantly correlated with total ECM colonization, except for a negative dependence of the root number in Trichomil treatment. A higher concentration of K but lower concentrations of Ca and Mg in Ectovit treatment than in the other treatments were detected.

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“…One set of factors that we did not measure, but is known to influence fungal communities, is biotic interactions. Biotic interactions between fungi (Maherali and Klironomos, 2007;Kennedy, 2010;Tucker and Fukami, 2014), predation, or interactions between fungi and other microorganisms (Fitter and Garbaye, 1994) or plants (Davison et al, 2011) could be structuring soil fungal communities. Other abiotic factors that we did not measure, such as soil texture (Lekberg et al, 2007), can also affect fungal community composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental filtering affects soil fungal community composition more than dispersal limitation at regional scales

et al. 2014

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a b s t r a c tThe relative importance of dispersal limitation versus environmental filtering for community assembly has received much attention for macroorganisms. These processes have only recently been examined in microbial communities. Instead, microbial dispersal has mostly been measured as community composition change over space (i.e., distance decay).Here we directly examined fungal composition in airborne wind currents and soil fungal communities across a 40 000 km 2 regional landscape to determine if dispersal limitation or abiotic factors were structuring soil fungal communities. Over this landscape, neither airborne nor soil fungal communities exhibited compositional differences due to geographic distance. Airborne fungal communities shifted temporally while soil fungal communities were correlated with abiotic parameters. These patterns suggest that environmental filtering may have the largest influence on fungal regional community assembly in soils, especially for aerially dispersed fungal taxa. Furthermore, we found evidence that dispersal of fungal spores differs between fungal taxa and can be both a stochastic and deterministic process. The spatial range of soil fungal taxa was correlated with their average regional abundance across all sites, which may imply stochastic dispersal mechanisms. Nevertheless, spore volume was also negatively correlated with spatial range for some species. Smaller volume spores may be adapted to long-range dispersal, or establishment, suggesting that deterministic fungal traits may also influence fungal distributions. Fungal life-history traits may influence their distributions as well. Hypogeous fungal taxa exhibited high local abundance, but small spatial ranges, while epigeous fungal taxa had lower local abundance, but larger spatial ranges. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to directly sample air dispersal and soil fungal communities simultaneously across a regional landscape. We provide some of the first evidence that soil fungal communities are mostly assembled through environmental filtering and experience little dispersal limitation.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi and interspecific competition: species interactions, community structure, coexistence mechanisms, and future research directions

Cited by 166 publications

References 118 publications

Endemism and functional convergence across the North American soil mycobiome

Endemism and functional convergence across the North American soil mycobiome

Testing of microbial additives in the rooting of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stem cuttings

Environmental filtering affects soil fungal community composition more than dispersal limitation at regional scales

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