Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer

Abstract

Summary• Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are critical for pine establishment under primary succession. The species of EMF supporting primary successional pine seedlings on coastal sand dunes and mechanisms for their establishment were investigated.• Fungi were identified from ectomycorrhizal roots using molecular techniques. Field seedlings were collected from forested and nonforested zones. Laboratory seedlings were grown in soils collected from the same zones, and in sterile soils inoculated with fresh and 1-yr-old dry deer fecal pellets.• Suilloid fungi were frequently observed on all seedlings. A diverse group of fungi was available to seedlings in forested zones. A less diverse group of fungi was available to field seedlings in nonforested zones and all laboratory bioassay seedlings. Deer fecal inoculant yielded an average of two EMF per seedling. Both Suillus and Rhizopogon species dominated seedlings inoculated with fresh deer feces, but only Rhizopogon species dominated seedlings inoculated with 1-yr-old feces.• Suilloid fungi are dispersed by deer, produce resistant spore banks and are the principle fungi supporting seedlings on the sand dunes.

Mycorrhizal co‐invasion and novel interactions depend on neighborhood context

“…Other studies that combined field and greenhouse bioassays have revealed similar taxonomic partitioning (Deacon et al 1983, Pilz and Perry 1984, Taylor and Bruns 1999. For example, Amanita and Russula (dominant coinvading genera in our seedling survey that were absent in the soil bioassay) may depend upon a carbon supply from adult host trees for mycorrhization success , Taylor and Bruns 1999, Cline et al 2005, Ashkannejhad and Horton 2006. Partitioning the field survey data according to presence in the soil bioassay showed that ''early-stage'' seedling-compatible fungi are likely to be particularly important at grassland invasion fronts.…”

“…However, context may be important to invasion because neighboring ectomycorrhizal hosts can influence the ectomycorrhizal communities of seedlings, regardless of whether the neighboring host is of the same , Dickie and Reich 2005, Nara 2006 or of a different , Nara and Hogetsu 2004, Bogar and Kennedy 2013 species as the seedling. This neighborhood effect may be caused by an actively growing common mycorrhizal network (Fleming 1983, Newman 1988, Simard and Durall 2004 or by a soil spore bank (Ashkannejhad andHorton 2006, Collier andBidartondo 2009). Furthermore, plantations of introduced trees may be more likely to host native ectomycorrhizal fungi when native ectomycorrhizal hosts are nearby (Bahram et al 2013).…”

Transcriptome analysis by cDNA-AFLP of Suillus luteus Cd-tolerant and Cd-sensitive isolates

“…It is a common root symbiont of young pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) and evolves metal-tolerant ecotypes on heavy metal contaminated sites (Colpaert et al 2000). Its basidiospores are most likely dispersed by wind and mammals (Ashkannejhad and Horton 2006), and its frequent and early sexual reproduction with the release of billions of basidiospores are a trade mark of its pioneer behaviour and may favour rapid selection for genotypes adapted to specific soil conditions.…”

Macrofungi on the coastal sand dunes of south-western India

“…Apart from vegetation, micro-and macrofungi (saprophytic, mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi) are directly or indirectly responsible for the stability and perpetuation of psammophytes in CSD habitats (Brundrett 1991, Maun 2009, Sridhar 2009). Several reports (Japan, Europe, United States, Brazil and Seychelles) have revealed that macrofungi are inseparable components of CSD (ECCF 2001, Ashkannejhad & Horton 2005, O'Hanlon & Harrington 2011, Høiland 2012, Sulzbacher et al 2013. The macrofungal resource of CSD encompass a variety of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Ashkannejhad & Horton 2005,Tedersoo et al 2007, Wolfe et al 2010, Sulzbacher et al 2013), agarics (O'Hanlon & Harrington 2011, Takehashi et al 2012, new records and new species (Vila et al 1999, Takehashi et al 2007, Hoshino et al 2009, Taiga et al 2011, Akata & Yaprak 2013, Sá et al 2013).…”

“…Several reports (Japan, Europe, United States, Brazil and Seychelles) have revealed that macrofungi are inseparable components of CSD (ECCF 2001, Ashkannejhad & Horton 2005, O'Hanlon & Harrington 2011, Høiland 2012, Sulzbacher et al 2013. The macrofungal resource of CSD encompass a variety of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Ashkannejhad & Horton 2005,Tedersoo et al 2007, Wolfe et al 2010, Sulzbacher et al 2013), agarics (O'Hanlon & Harrington 2011, Takehashi et al 2012, new records and new species (Vila et al 1999, Takehashi et al 2007, Hoshino et al 2009, Taiga et al 2011, Akata & Yaprak 2013, Sá et al 2013). In contrast, there seems to be no literature available on the macrofungi of CSD of south-western India, although there are reports on the occurrence of marine, arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi (Beena et al 2000, Prasannarai & Sridhar 2001, Seena & Sridhar 2004.…”