ECTOMYCORRHIZA FORMATION IN <i>EUCALYPTUS</i>

Malajczuk, N.; Dell, B.; Bougher, Neale L.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00879.x

Cited by 39 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Superficial ECM associations defined by the presence of a thin Hartig net and sparse mantle have been observed in synthesis experiments using host-fungus combinations which are not fully compatible Massicotte et al, 1999), but superficial ECM also occur in natural ecosystems (e.g. Clowes, 1951 ;Malajczuk, Dell & Bougher, 1987). The morphotypes listed in Fig.…”

Section: (2 ) Ectomycorrhizasmentioning

confidence: 90%

Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations

2004

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Most mycorrhizas are ' balanced ' mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco-heterotrophic plants have 'exploitative ' mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant-fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant-fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non-host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are 'linear' or 'coiling ', and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are ' epidermal ' or 'cortical '. Subcategories of coiling VAM and epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus-controlled features result in ' morphotypes ' within categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.

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Section: (2 ) Ectomycorrhizasmentioning

confidence: 90%

Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations

2004

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“…We therefore required a high degree of certainty that the ectomycorrhizal fungal DNA would be preferentially amplified. In addition to the high diversity, Eucalyptus, Acacia and Allocasuarina ectomycorrhiza, in contrast to those of pines, beeches and oaks, are superficial, with a Hartig net only in the outermost cortical cell layer and variable mantle, which may be only a few cells deep (Malajczuk, Dell & Bougher 1987. Thus the ratio of fungal to plant DNA may be quite low compared to ectomycorrhiza of many Northern Hemisphere associations and the ratio of ectomycorrhizal to DNA of other soil fungi may also be low.…”

Section: Specificity Sensitivity and Discrimination Of Primers For Pmentioning

confidence: 92%

Specificity, sensitivity and discrimination of primers for PCR-RFLP of larger basidiomycetes and their applicability to identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus forests and plantations

Glen

Tommerup

Bougher

et al. 2001

Mycological Research

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Techniques to rapidly identify the basidiomycete fungal partner of ectomycorrhizal associations would be a major advantage for ecological, fungal population dynamics and life history studies of epigeous and hypogeous forms in plantations, forests, wild lands and other native or natural vegetation. PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) identification of DNA regions is an available technique ; however, primers which have a high probability of amplifying only the basidiomycete DNA are needed. Here we have assessed the specificity, sensitivity and discrimination of six different primer pairs, three targeting nuclear and three mitochondrial regions, for use in identification of Australian basidiomycete fungi from Eucalyptus forests by matching PCR-RFLP patterns to morphologically defined species. Two sets of primers, one newly designed and targeting the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the other amplifying a fragment of mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal DNA met the requirements of high specificity and sensitivity, amplifying DNA from a broad range of larger basidiomycetes, with no amplification of plant, bacterial or ascomycete DNA. The specificity of the ITS primer pair was compared with that of ITS1-F\ITS4-B. PCR-RFLP of the two regions discriminated fungi to species level for 91 fungal species from 28 families. Hence these two DNA regions and the specific primers are a potential practical PCR-RFLP tool for identifying basidiomycetes associated with plants from field samples.

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“…formed by Hysterangium spp. have previously been described by Warcup (1980) and Malajczuk et al (1987). The former author demonstrated plant growth stimulation by this type of mycorrhizas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%