Ecotoxicological hazard of a mixture of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid to the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819)

Abstract

Assessment of the effects of chemical mixtures is a very important objective of the ecotoxicological risk assessment. This study was aimed at evaluating for the first time the effects of a mixture of glyphosate and its main breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on various biomarkers in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were exposed for 7, 14 and 21 days to either 100 µg/L of glyphosate, 100 µg/L of AMPA or a mixture of both (100 + 100 µg/L). Various haemocyte parameters, such as total haemocyte counts, haemocyte diameter and volume, haemocyte proliferation, haemolymph lactate dehydrogenase activity and haemocyte lysate acid phosphatase activities were measured. In addition, the effects of exposure on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, acetylcholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase were evaluated in gills and digestive gland from mussels. On the whole, this study demonstrated that the variables considered in the experimental plan, namely treatment, exposure time and their interaction, affect significantly biomarker responses in M. galloprovincialis. The effects of the mixture were comparable to those of the individual compounds, whereas their synergistic effects were occasionally observed, under the experimental conditions tested at least.

Predicted No-Effect Concentration of Roundup in the Composition with Pharmaceutical Chlorpromazine or Heating Causes Similar Biochemical Disturbances in Bivalve Mollusk Unio Tumidus

“…The responses of GST and ChE are frequently analysed jointly as the prospective biomarkers in molluscs (Domingues et al 2010). For the organophosphates acute effect, the expected response is the depletion of ChE (Li et al 2018;Matozzo et al 2019), whereas the upregulation of ChE in molluscs is seldom detected and discussed (Domingues et al 2010). In this study, upregulation of ChE can be a sign of the non-toxic level of exposure to Rn, that is consistent with other manifestations in Rn-group.…”

“…The GST activity did not correlate with EROD in this and other studies on aquatic animals from polluted areas or exposed to several substances (Domingues et al 2010). The decrease or absence of GST response has been reported in the exposures of molluscs to higher Rn or glyphosate concentrations (Matozzo et al 2019;Khoma et al 2021). In the present study, GST activation can be explained by the low-strength Rn impact.…”

Effects of Glyphosate-Based and Derived Products on Sea Urchin Larval Development

“…The higher frequency of abnormal larvae could be related to a reduction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity [65] since it has a central role in primary mesenchyme cell movement beginning with gastrulation, and thus, in the spiculae formation [66]. In fact, glyphosate and AMPA significantly inhibited AChE activity in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed in vivo to the contaminants for 7 and 21 days [67]. Similar results were obtained in other bivalve species, crustaceans and fish for glyphosate [68][69][70].…”

“…These contaminants caused changes in the expression of genes related to the immune defense system, which enhances the propagation and growth of pathogens. Moreover, exposure to AMPA affected the hemocyte parameters of M. galloprovincialis [67,85], and the response was even greater when animals were exposed to a mixture of glyphosate and AMPA. These findings match our results and suggest that AMPA has a similar toxicity to glyphosate.…”

Assessment of Glyphosate Impact on the Agrofood Ecosystem

“…The HQs for AMPA advice it is not threatening. Glyphosate seems to be critical where intensive agriculture is practiced, since it involves increased use of fertilizers, plant growth regulators, and pesticides and mechanised agriculture [ 130 , 139 , 140 , 142 ].…”